tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35172200402783806662024-02-19T10:41:39.453+08:00A History of PerakA book titled "A History of Perak" by R.O. Winstedt & R.J. Wilkinson describing the history of Perak up till the British Malaya era. First published in the Journal of the Malayan Branch, Royal Asiatic Society Volume 12 - Part 1 (June 1934).Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.comBlogger26125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-74769167872162829282013-08-23T00:25:00.005+08:002013-08-23T00:41:47.990+08:00CHAPTER IX.—EUROPEAN SOCIETY | About Perak<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">“I am sick of endless Sunshine, sick of blossom-burdened laugh, </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Give me back the leafless woodlands when the winds of springtime
range. </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Give me back one day in England, for it's spring in England
now."</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Rudyard Kipling</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">[70]</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> European society in Perak is
composed of Government officials and a small proportion of men engaged in
planting, mining, banking, contracting and so on. There are also their wives
and families, for Perak, though so close to the equator, is a place where the
European woman can, with an occasional visit to a more temperate climate, exist
as well as the man. Comparing the climate of the Peninsula with that of the
islands of Singapore and Penang, it is generally agreed that while the sea
breezes make the islands cooler in the day, the nights there are very
noticeably hotter than in the Native States.</span><br />
</div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> The number of Europeans in Perak
make, all-told, but a handful, and, as these are distributed throughout the
different stations, there are nowhere enough of them to induce the formation of
cliques. There is, however, another reason for this, and it is that each
station has its club which, formed under Government auspices, is more of a
public than a private institution and. as it is practically open to all, they
meet here on terms of equality and as often as they please. These Clubs, which
combine reading, billiard, and card rooms with cricket and lawn tennis grounds,
are frequented by the</span><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">EUROPEAN SOCIETY | About
Perak</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">[71]</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">ladies of the community as regularly as by men, and
are a feature of the Native States not found in the neighbouring colony.
Evening entertainments, concerts, dances, theatricals are also given in these
Clubs, and it will therefore be understood that they become centres of the
European social system.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> In Taipeng and Kinta. there are
Sporting Clubs ; there is a good course with all the necessary buildings at the
former station and a less good one at Batu Gajah. The meetings are annual and
attract horses from Selangor and the Colony. There another avenues of amusement
open to men. big game shooting, elephant, rhinoceros, bison, tiger, black
leopard, sambur, pig, crocodile, and. in their season, most excellent snipe and
pigeon shooting is got in Perak. July and August are the best months for
elephant, rhinoceros, and bison, while the snipe season lasts from September to
April; and the Krian District yields the biggest bags though there is capital
shooting on the islands in the Perak river during November and December. March
and April are probably the best months for green pigeon and. though there is no
driving, the sport nearly resembles the shooting of driven partridges; pigeon
in flocks probably fly faster and are perhaps more difficult to stop.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Golf is played, but, while cricket
retains its present popularity, the game of weird terms and strange implements
is not. likely to take very strong hold in Perak. There is an impression,
outside the State, that proficiency in cricket is the surest road to Government
preferment, but that must be an exaggeration for, with very few ex-</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">EUROPEAN SOCIETY | About
Perak</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">[72]</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">ceptions, the heads of all Districts and Government
Departments, are non-cricketers. It is a fact, however, that the people of
Perak are proud of the success they have obtained in the cricket field. The
feeling is not unnatural.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Perak possesses some very enviable
health resorts, duly appreciated and patronised by the Europeans of the State,
but hardly ever visited by strangers. That is curious, for, on Gunong Ijau and
Arang Para (the Hermitage), will be found a climate, little if at all inferior
to that of the Riviera. The thermometer varies between 59° F. in the early
morning and about 73° F. in the heat of the day,—that is in the shade of
course,—quite cold enough for fires ; the scenery is magnificent, the air balmy
and heavy with the scent of roses and violets which, with many other flowers of
temperate climes, bloom here in profusion all the year round. From June to
August specially ; but, also in other months, the jungle about 3,000 f'eet
above sea level is carpeted with wild forest flowers, the harebell, anemone, and
primrose of the Malay jungle, while ground and tree orchids in great quantity
blossom at the same time, as well as the wonderful magnolia which grows wild in
the higher altitudes of Ijau. In the dark recesses of these hill forests are
silent birds of wonderful [plumage, troop of monkeys are also sometimes seen,
but they do not appear to appreciate the cold of these altitudes. In any open
sun-lit clearing, quantities of brilliant coloured butterflies are certain to
be found and if, on a still evening, a. lantern be put out on the top of Ijau,
immense numbers of rare moths and flying insects of all sorts will lie
attracted to the light.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">EUROPEAN SOCIETY | About
Perak</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">[73]</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> There is a good mountain road,
nine or ten miles long to the top of either hill. On Gunong Ijau the Resident
has a cottage, and there are two bungalows at a lower elevation, one 3,400
and the other 2,100 feet above the sea.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> In the Kinta District there is a
sanitorium on Gunong Kledang, and, with the completion of the railway, this
will be accessible also to the people of Batang Padang and Lower Perak.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> There is a great
dearth of hotels in Perak. I believe there is one such establishment in
Taipeng, but the Government has built Rest Houses all over the State and they
offer better shelter to man and beast than the average Dak Bungalow of India.
Hospitality in the Native States is, however, proverbial, though it has been
often sorely tried, and no true sportsman or good fellow need hesitate to visit
Perak even without an introduction. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Perak is one of those places for the moral and religious
being of whose European society the S. P. G. has cared, It possesses a popular
English Church clergyman, a small Church, and a Parsonage—all mainly supported
by the voluntary contributions of the community. There are also at least two
Roman Catholic Chapels under the charge of devoted pastors. The graveyard is a
necessity, and you will find a lovingly cared for God's Acre at each station,
where already lie not a few of those who, like Henry Lawrence have, in their
more humble way, tried to do their duty, and can very badly be spared from the
email European society of this the land of their exile.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-18856775663985602942013-08-05T01:27:00.004+08:002013-08-07T00:10:49.736+08:00CHAPTER VIII.—THE REAL MALAY | About Perak<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>" He was the mildest manner'd man </i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>That ever scuttled ship or cut a throat." Byron—Don Juan.</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[45]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">To begin to
understand the Malay you must live in his country, speak his language, respect
his faith, be interested in his interests, humour his prejudices, sympathise
with and help him in trouble, and share his pleasures and possibly his risks.
Only thus can you hope to win his confidence. Only through that confidence, can
you hope to understand the inner man, and this knowledge can therefore only
come to those who have the opportunity and use it.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">So far the means
of studying Malays in their own country (where alone they are seen in their
true character) have fallen to few Europeans, and a very small proportion of
them have shewn an inclination to get to the hearts of the people. There are a
hundred thousand Malays in Perak and some more in other parts of the Peninsula;
and the white man, whose interest in the race is strong enough, may not only
win confidence but the devotion that is ready to give life itself in the cause
of friendship. The Scripture says:— " there is no greater thing than
this," and in the end of the Nineteenth Century that is a form of
friendship all too rare. Fortunately this is a thing you cannot buy, but to
gain it is worth some effort.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> The real Malay is a short,
thickset, well-built man with straight black hair, a dark brown complexion,
thick nose and lips, and bright intelligent eyes. His disposition is generally
kindly, his manners</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[46]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">are polite and easy. Never
cringing, he is reserved with strangers and suspicious, though he does not shew
it. He is courageous and trustworthy in the discharge of an undertaking; but he
is extravagant, fond of borrowing money, and very slow in repaying it. He is a
good talker, speaks in parables, quotes proverbs and wise saws, and is very
fond of a good joke. He takes an interest in the affairs of his neighbours and
is consequently a gossip. He is a Muhammadan and a fatalist, but he is also
very superstitious. He never drinks intoxicants, he is rarely an opium smoker.
But he is fond of gambling, cock-fighting and kindred sports. He is by nature a
sportsman, catches and tames elephants, is a skilful fisherman, and thoroughly
at home in a boat. Above all things, he is conservative to a degree, is proud
and fond of his country and his people, venerates his ancient customs and
traditions, fears his Rajas and has a proper respect for constituted
authority—while he looks askance on all innovations and will resist their
sudden introduction. But if he has time to examine them carefully and they are
not thrust upon him, he is willing to be convinced of their advantage. At the
same time he is a good, imitative, learner, and, when he has energy and
ambition enough for the task, makes a good mechanic. He is, however, lazy to a degree,
is without method or order of any kind, knows no regularity even in the hours
of his meals, and considers time as of no importance. His house is untidy, even
dirty, but, he bathes twice a day and is very fond of personal adornment, in
the shape of smart clothes.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">A Malay is
intolerant of insult or slight; it is something that to</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[47]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">him should be wiped out in blood.
He will brood over a real or fancied stain on his honour until he is possessed
by the desire for revenge. If he cannot wreak it on the offender, he will
strike out at the first human being that comes in his way, male or female, old
or young. It is this state of blind fury, this vision of blood, that produces
the amok. The Malay has often been called treacherous. I question whether he
deserves the reproach. He is courteous and expects courtesy in return, and he
understands only one method of wiping out personal insults.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The spirit of
the clan is also strong in him. He acknowledges the necessity of carrying out,
even blindly, the orders of his hereditary chief, while he will protect his own
relatives at all costs and make their quarrel his own.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In his youth,
the Malay boy is often beautiful, a thing of wonderful eyes, eyelashes and
eyebrows, with a far-away expression of sadness and solemnity, as though he had
left some better place for a compulsory exile on earth. Unlike the child of
Japan, he never looks as if his nurse had forgotten to wipe his nose. He is
treated with elaborate respect, sleeps when he wishes, and sits up till any
hour of the night if he so desires, eats when he is hungry, has no toys, is
never whipped, and hardly ever cries.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Until he is
fifteen or sixteen, this atmosphere of a better world remains about him. He is
often studious even, and duly learns to read the Koran in a language he does
not understand.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Then, well then
from sixteen to twenty-five or later, he is to be avoided. He takes his
pleasure, sows his wild oats like youths</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[48]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">of a higher civilization, is extravagant,
open-handed, gambles, gets into debt, runs away with his neighbour's wife, and
generally asserts himself. Then, follows a period when he either adopts this
path and pursues it, or, more commonly, he weans himself gradually from an
indulgence that has not altogether realized his expectation—and if, under the
advice of older men, he seeks and obtains a, position of credit and usefulness
in society from which he begins at last to earn some profit, he will from the
age of forty probably develop into an intelligent man of miserly and rather
grasping habits with some one little pet indulgence of no very expensive kind.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Malay girl
child is not usually so attractive in appearance as the boy, and less
consideration is shewn to her. She runs wild till the time comes for investing
her in a garment, that is to say when she is about five years old. From then,
she is taught to help in the house and kitchen, to sew, to read and write,
perhaps to work in the padi field, but she is kept out of the way of all strange
menkind. When fifteen or sixteen, she is often almost interesting; very shy,
very fond of pretty clothes and ornaments, not uncommonly much fairer in
complexion than the Malay man, with small hands and feet, a happy smiling face,
good teeth, and wonderful eyes and eyebrows—the eyes of the little Malay boy.
The Malay girl is proud of a wealth of straight, black hair, of a spotless
olive complexion, of the arch of her brow,—"like a one-day-old
moon"—of the curl of her eyelashes, and of the dimples in cheek or chin.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Malays, though
Muhammadans by profession, though they would, individually, suffer crucifixion
sooner than deny their faith,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[49]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">are not very bigoted, and not
very strict in the observance of religions forms and ceremonies. Unmarried
girls are taught to avoid all men except those nearly related to them. Until
marriage, it is considered unmaidenly for them to raise her eves or take any
part or interest in their surroundings when men are present. This leads to an
affectation of modesty which, however overstrained, deceives nobody.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">After marriage,
a woman gets a considerable amount of freedom which she naturally values. In
Perak a man, who tries to shut his womankind up and prevent their intercourse
with others and a participation in the fetes and pleasures of Malay society, is
looked upon as a jealous, ill-conditioned person.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Malays are
extremely particular about questions of rank and birth, especially when it
comes to marriage, and misalliances, as understood in the West, are with them
very rare.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The general
characteristics of Malay women, especially those of gentle birth, are powers of
intelligent conversation, quickness in repartee, a strong sense of humour and
an instant appreciation of the real meaning of those hidden sayings which are
hardly ever absent from their conversation. They are fond of reading such
literature as their language offers, and they use uncommon words and
expressions, the meanings of which are hardly known to men. For the telling of
secrets, they have several modes of speech not understanded of the people.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">They are
generally amiable in disposition, mildly—sometimes fiercely—jealous, often
extravagant and, up to about the age of forty, evince an increasing fondness
for jewellery and smart clothes. In</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[50]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">these latter days, they are
developing a pretty taste for horses, carriages, and whatever conduces to
luxury and display, though, in their houses, there are still a rugged
simplicity and untidiness, absolutely devoid of all sense of order.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">A Malay is
allowed by law to have as many as four wives, to divorce them, and replace
them. If he is well off and can afford so much luxury, he usually takes
advantage of the power to marry more than one wife, to divorce and secure successors,
but he seldom undertakes the responsibility of four wives at one time. The
woman on her part can, and often does, obtain a divorce from her husband.
Written conditions of marriage " settlements " of a kind, are common
with people in the upper classes and the law provides for the custody of
children, division of property, and so on. The ancient maiden lady is an
unknown quantity, so is the Malay public woman; and, as there is no society
bugbear, the people lead lives that are almost natural. There are no drunken
husbands, no hobnailed boots, and no screaming viragoes,—because a word would
get rid of them. All forms of madness, mania, and brain-softening are extremely
rare.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Some idea of
what Malays are in their own country may best be conveyed by taking the reader
in imagination through some scenes of the Perak Malays' life. The tiger, for
instance, is not deliberately sought, if he kills a buffalo a spring gun is set
to shoot him when he returns for his afternoon meal, but sometimes the tiger
comes about a village and it is necessary to get rid of so dangerous a visitor.
Let me try to put the scene before you.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[51]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">But how describe
an Eastern dawn ? Sight alone will give a true impression of its strange
beauty. Out of darkness and stillness, the transition to light—intense
brilliant light—and the sounds of awakened life, is rapid .and complete, a
short half hour or less turning night into tropical day. The first indication
of dawn is a grey haze, then the clouds clothing the Western hills are shot
with pale yellow and in a few minutes turn to gold, while- Eastern ranges are
still in darkness. The light spreads to the Western slopes, moves rapidly
across the valleys and suddenly the sun, a great ball of fire, appears above
the Eastern hills. The fogs, which have risen from the rivers and marshes and
covered the land, as with a pall, rise like smoke and disappear, and the whole
face of the land is flooded with light, the valleys and slopes of the Eastern
ranges being the last to feel the influence of the risen sun.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">That grey
half-light which precedes dawn is the signal for Malays to be stirring. The
doors are opened and, only half awake and shivering in the slight breeze made
by the rising fog, they leave their houses and make for the nearest stream,
there to bathe and fetch fresh water for the day's use. A woman dressed in the
" sarong," a plaid skirt of silk or cotton, and a jacket, walks
rapidly to the river carrying a long bamboo and some gourds which, after bathing,
she fills and begins to walk home through the wealth of vegetation that clothes
the whole face of the country. She follows a narrow path up from the bed of the
clear stream, the jungle trees and orchards, the long rank grasses and tangled
creepers almost hiding the path. Suddenly, she stops spell-</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[52]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">bound, her knees give way under
her, the vessels drop from her nerveless hands and a speechless fear turns her
blood to water, for (here, in front of her, is a great black and yellow head
with cruel yellow eyes and a half open mouth shewing a red tongue and long
white teeth. The shoulders and fore feet of the tiger stand clear of the thick
foliage and a hoarse low roar of surprise and anger comes from the open month.
An exceeding great fear chains the terrified woman to the spot and the tiger,
thus faced, sulkily and with more hoarse grumbling slowly draws back into the
jungle and disappears, Then, the instinct of self preservation returns to the
woman and, with knees still weak and a cold hand on her heart, she stumbles,
with what speed she may, back to the river, down the bank and to the friendly
shelter of the nearest dwelling. It takes little time to tell the story and the
men of the house, armed with spears and krises and an old rusty gun, quickly
spread the news throughout the 'kampong' as each cluster of huts and orchards
is called. Every one arms himself with such weapons as he possesses, the boys
of sixteen or seventeen climb into trees from which they hope to see and be
able to report the movements of the beast. The men, marshalled by the 'ka tua
kainpong,' the village chief, make their plans for surrounding the spot where
the tiger was seen, and word is sent by messenger to the nearest Police Station
and European officer. Whilst all this is taking place, the tiger, probably
conscious that too many people are about, leaves his lair and stealthily creeps
along a path which will lead him far from habitations, But, as he does so, he
passes under a tree where sits one of</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[53]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">the young watchmen, and the boy,
seizing his opportunity, drops a heavy spear on the tiger as he passes and
gives him a serious wound. The beast, with a roar of pain, leaps into the
jungle carrying the spear with him; and, after what he considers a safe
interval, the boy climbs down, gets back to the circle of watchers, and reports
what has occurred. For a long time, there is silence, no one caring to go in
and seek a wounded tiger—but this monotony is broken rudely and suddenly by a shot
on the outskirts of the wide surrounding ring of beaters where a young Malay
has been keeping guard over a jungle track. Instantly the nearest rush to the
spot only to find the boy badly wounded, after firing a shot that struck the
tiger but did not prevent him reaching and pulling down the youth who fired it.
Hardly has a party carried the wounded man to shelter, than news arrives that,
in trying to break the ring at another, point, the tiger has sprung upon the
point of a spear held in rest by a kneeling Malay, and, the spear, passing
completely through the beast's body, the tiger has come down on the man's back
and killed him. The old men say it is because, regardless of the wisdom of
their ancestors, fools now face a tiger with spears unguarded, whereas in the
olden time it was always the custom to tie a crosspiece of wood where blade
joins shaft to prevent the tiger 'running up the spear' and killing his
opponent. The game is getting serious now and the tiger has retired to growl
and roar in a thick isolated copse of bushes and tangled undergrowth from which
it seems impossible to draw him, and where it would be madness to seek him.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">By this time,
all the principal people in the neighbourhood have</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[54]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">been collected. The copse is
surrounded and two elephants are ridden at the cover, in the hope of driving
the wounded tiger from his shelter. A vain hope, for, when the huge beasts get
inconveniently near to him, the tiger with a great roar springs on to the
shoulder of the nearest elephant and brings him to his knees. The terrified
occupants of the howdah are thus deposited on the ground, but lose no time in
picking themselves up and getting away. The elephant with a scream of terror
whirls round, throwing off the tiger with a broken tooth, and, accompanied by
his fellow, rushes from the place and will not be stopped till several miles
have been covered and the river is between them and the copse.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Severe maladies
want desperate and heroic remedies. After a short consultation, a young Malay
Chief' and several of his friends, armed only with spears, express their
determination to seek the tiger where he lies. They immediately put the plan
into execution. Shoulder to shoulder and with spears in rest, they advance to
the copse. They have not long to wait in doubt for the wounded and enraged
beast, with open mouth and eyes blazing fell purpose, charges straight at them.
There is the shock of flesh against steel, an awful snarling and straining of
muscles and the already badly wounded tiger is pinned to the ground and dies
under the thrusts of many spears. The general result of a tiger hunt, under
such circumstances, is the death or serious injury of one or two of the
pursuers.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Now come to a
Malay picnic. Again, it is early morning, the guests have been invited
overnight and warned to come on their elephants and bring " rice and
salt." By the time the sun is well up</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[55]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">there are fifty or sixty people,
(of whom about half are women) mounted on twelve or fifteen elephants, and some
boys and followers are prepared to walk. The word is given to make for a great
limestone hill rising abruptly out of the plain, for, close round the foot of
this rock, eating its way into the unexplored depths of sub-aqueous caves, flows
a clear mountain-bred stream and, in the silent pools which lie under the
shadow of the cliff, are the fish which, with the rice and salt, will make the
coming feast. The road lies through six or seven miles of open country and
virgin forest, and it is 9 or 10 a. m. before the river is reached, the
elephants hobbled, and the men of the party ready for business. In days gone
by, the method would have been to " <i>tuba</i>
" the stream above a pool, but this poisoning of the water affects the
river for miles, and dynamite, which is not nearly so destructive, is
preferred. The plan is to select a large and deep pool round which the men
stand ready to spring in, while the women make a cordon across the shallow at
its lower end, ready to catch the fish that escape the hands of the swimmers.
Two cartridges of dynamite with a detonator and a piece of slow match are tied
to a stone and thrown into the deepest part of the pool, there is an explosion
sending up a great column of water, and immediately the dead fish come to the
surface and begin to float down stream. Twenty men spring into the pool and
with shouts and laughter struggle for the slippery fish ; those which elude the
grasp of the swimmers are caught by the women. It will then be probably
discovered that no very big fish have been taken ; and, as it is certain that
some at least should be there, the boldest and best divers will search the
bottom of the pool and even look into the</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[56]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">water-filled caves of the rock
that there rises sheer out of the stream. Success rewards this effort and, from
the bed of the pool, some sixteen or eighteen feet deep, the divers bring up,
two at a time, great silvery fish weighing ten to fifteen pounds each. There is
much joy over the capture of these " Kla " and " tengas," the
best kinds of fresh water fish known here, and, if the total take is not a
large one, the operation will be repeated in another and yet another pool until
a sufficient quantity of fish have been secured and everyone is tired of the
water. There is a general change of wet garments for dry ones, no difficult
matter, while, long before this, fires have been made on the bank, rice is
boiling, fish are roasting in split sticks, grilling, frying, and the hungry
company is settling itself in groups ready for the meal. It is a matter of
honour that no plates should be used, so everyone has a piece of fresh green
plantain leaf to hold his rice and salt and fish, while nature supplies the
forks and spoons. Whether it is the exercise, the excitement or the coldness of
the two hours' bath that is most responsible for the keen appetites is not
worth enquiry, but thorough justice is done to the food ; and if you. reader,
should ever be fortunate enough to take part in one of these picnics, you will
declare that you never before realized how delicious a meal can be made of such
simple ingredients. Some one has smuggled in a few condiments and they add
largely to the success of the Malay ' bouille-abaisse,' but people affect not
to know they are there and you go away assured that rice and salt did it all.
That is part of the game.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">And now it is
time to return, the sun has long pinned the meridian and there is a mile or two
of forest before getting into the open</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[57]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">country. The timid amongst the
ladies feign alarm (Malays are sensible people who take only the young to
picnics and leave the old to mind the houses) and a desire to get. away at
once, but there are others who know what is in store for them. The elephants
are brought up and each pannier is found to be loaded with jungle fruit, large
and small, ripe and unripe, hard and soft, but generally hard as stones.
Everyone knows the meaning of this and, as the elephants kneel down to take
their riders, you may observe that usually two men sit in front, two women
behind, and the latter are anxious about their umbrellas and shew a tendency to
open them here where, in the gloom of the forest, they are not needed. The
first two or three elephants move off quickly, and, having turned a corner in
the path, disappear. It is necessary to proceed in Indian file, and as the next
elephant comes to this corner he and his company are assailed by a perfect
shower of missiles (the jungle fruit) from the riders of the first section of
elephants who are slily waiting here to surprise those behind. The attack is
returned with interest and the battle wages hot and furious. The leaders of the
rear column try to force their way past those who dispute the path with them,
and either succeed or put the enemy to flight only to find a succession of
ambuscades laid for them, each resulting in a deadly struggle, and so, throughout
the length of the forest, the more venturesome pushing their way to the front
or taking up an independent line and making enemies of all comers, until, at
last, the whole party clears the jungle and, taking open order, a succession of
wild charges soon gets every</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[58]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">one into the fray and, the supply
of ammunition having run out, there is nothing left but to count the damage
done.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is
principally in broken umbrellas which have been used as shields, but some
garments are stained, and there may be a few bruises treated with much good
humour, and, by the time the party has straightened its dishevelledness, it is
found that the miles of otherwise tedious journey have been passed and everyone
is home ere the lengthening shadows suddenly contract and tell the sun has set.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">One afternoon,
in last year, a foreign Malay named Lenggang, who made a living by hawking in a
boat on the Perak River, left Bota with his usual cargo and $100 which his
cousin, the son of the Penghulu, had been keeping for him. He was alone in the
boat and dropped down stream saying he would call at some of the villages that
line at intervals the banks of the river. The next day this man's dead body,
lying partly under a mosquito curtain, was discovered in the boat as it drifted
past the village of Pulau Tiga, The local headman viewed it but saw nothing to
arouse his suspicions, for the boat was full of valuables and a certain amount
of money, while nothing in the boat seemed to have been disturbed and there
were no marks of violence on the corpse which was duly buried.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">When the matter
was reported enquiries were made but they elicited nothing. Some months later
the relatives of the dead man appeared at Teluk Anson, and said they had good
reason to believe that he had met with foul play, indeed that he had been
murdered at a place called Lambar—a few miles below Bota and above Pulau</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[59]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tiga. An intelligent Malay
Sergeant of Police proceeded to the spot, arrested a number of people, who
denied all knowledge of the affair, and took them to Teluk Anson. Arrived
there, these people said they were able to give all the necessary information if
that would procure their release, as they had only promised to keep their
mouths shut so long as they themselves did not suffer for it.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The details of
the story as told in evidence are as follows, and they are very characteristic
of the Malay :—</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It appears that
the hawker duly arrived in his boat at Lambar, and there tied up for the night
to a stake, about twenty feet from the bank of the river. Shortly afterwards a
Malay named Ngah Prang, stopped three of his acquaintances walking on the bank,
asked them if they had seen the hawker's boat, and suggested that it would be a
good thing to rob him. They said they were afraid, and some other men coming up
asked one of those to whom the proposal had been made what they were talking
about, and, being told, advised him to have nothing to do with the business and
the party dispersed.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">That evening, at
8 p.m. several people heard cries of " help, help, I am being killed
" from the river, and five or six men ran out of their houses down to the
bank, a distance of only fifty yards, whence they saw, in the brilliant
moonlight, Ngah Prang and two other men in the hawker's boat, the hawker lying
flat on his back while one man had both hands at his throat, another held his
wrists, and the third his feet; but it is said that those on the bank heard a
noise of rapping as though feet were kicking or hands beating</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[60]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">quickly the deck of the boat. It
only lasted for a moment and then there was silence.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">As those who had
been roused by the cries came down the bank they called to the men in the boat,
barely twenty feet away, and lighted at their work by the brilliance of an
Eastern moon, to know what they were doing ; they even addressed them by their
names, but they gave no answer, and, getting up from off the hawker, untied the
boat, one taking a pole and another the rudder and disappeared down the river.
The hawker did not move. He was dead.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The witnesses of
this tragedy appear then to have returned to their homes and slept peacefully.
Several of them naively remarked that they heard the next day that the hawker
had been found dead in his boat, and it appears that when one of these
witnesses, on the following day, met one of the murderers, he asked him what he
was doing in Lenggang's boat, and the man replied that they were robbing him,
that he held the hawker by the throat, the others by the hands and feet, but
that really they had got very little for their trouble. Meanwhile the three
murderers told several of the eyewitnesses of the affair that, if they said
anything, it would be the worse for them, and nothing particular occurred till
a notice was posted in the Mosque calling upon any one who knew anything about
Lenggang's death to report it to the village Headman. Then Ngah Prang, who
apparently was the original instigator of the job, as so often happens, thought
he would save himself at the expense of his friends, and actually went himself
to make a report, and, meeting on the way one of the eye-witnesses going on a
similar errand, he per-</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[61]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">suaded him to give a qualified
promise to help in denying Ngah Prang's complicity while convicting the others.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Needless to say
that, from the moment the fresh disclosure was made and communicated to the
Police, resulting in the arrest of a number of those who had actually witnessed
the crime, every smallest detail was gradually brought to light, the hawker's
property, even his own clothes, gradually recovered, the money stolen from him
traced and no single link left wanting in a chain of evidence strong enough to
convict and hang the guilty men. That indeed was the result.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I have told the
story of this crime, which is devoid of sensational incident, because it will
give some idea of the state of feeling in a real Malay kampong of poor
labouring people far from any outside influence. The man murdered was a Malay,
the idea that he was worth something which could be obtained by the
insignificant sacrifice of his life seems to have at once suggested that
Providence was putting a good thing in the way of poor people, and those who
were not afraid determined that the opportunity was not to be lost. The murder
is discussed practically in public, it is executed also in public, in the
presence of a feebly expostulating opposition and then every one goes to bed.
The only further concern of the community in the matter is as to how much the
murderers got. For them the incident ends there, and, if anyone has any qualms
of conscience, they are silenced by the threats of the men who so easily
throttled the hawker. It is only when enquiries are pushed and things are</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[62]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">made generally unpleasant for
everyone that the truth is unwillingly disclosed, and the penalty paid.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Malays of
Perak occasionally indulge themselves in a form of amusement which, I believe,
is peculiar to them. Though of ancient origin, it is not well known even here,
and, as new sensations are the desire of our time, I offer it to the jaded
pleasure-seekers of the West.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Given a fine
sunny morning, (and that is what most mornings are in Perak,) you will drive
four or five miles to the appointed place of meeting, and there find a crowd of
one or two hundred Malay men, women, and children, who have been duly bidden to
menglunchor " and to take part in the picnic which forms a recognised
accompaniment to the proceedings. A walk of a couple of miles along a shady
jungle path brings the pleasure seekers to the foot of a spur of hills, whence
a clear mountain stream leaps down a succession of cascades to fertilize the
plain. There is a stiff climb for several hundred feet until the party gains a
great granite rock in the bed of the stream, large enough to accommodate a much
more numerous gathering. In a "spate" this rock might Lie covered,
but now the water flows round it and dashes itself wildly over the falls below.
Up-stream, however, there is a sheer smooth face of granite, about sixty feet
long, inclined at an angle of say 45°, and, while the main body of water finds
its way down one side of this rock and then across its foot, a certain
quantity, only an inch or two deep, flows steadily down the face. The depth of
water here can be increased at will by bamboo troughs, leading out of the great
pool</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[63]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">which lies at the head of the
waterfall. At the base of the rock, is an inviting ljnn not more than four feet
deep. On either side, the river is shut in by a wealth of jungle foliage
through which the sun strikes at rare intervals, just sufficiently to give the
sense of warmth and colour. It is delightfully picturesque with all these
people in their many-coloured garments, grouped in artistic confusion, on bank
and rock. They only sit for a brief rest after the climb, to collect wood, make
fires and get the work of cooking started, and you will not be left long in
doubt as to the meaning of meng-lunchor. It is to slide and the game is to
" toboggan " down this waterfall into the lynn at its base. A crowd
of little boys are already walking up the steep, slippery rock. They go to the
very top, sit down in the shallow water with feet straight out in front of them
and a hand on either side for guidance, and immediately begin to slide down the
sixty feet of height, gaining, before they have gone half way, so great a speed
that the final descent into the pool is like the fall of a stone. They succeed
each other in a constant stream, those behind coming on the top of those who
have already reached the lynn. But now the men, and lastly the women, are drawn
to join the sliders and the fun becomes indeed both fast and furious. The women
begin timidly, only half way up the slide, but soon grow bolder, and mixed
parties of four, six, and eight in rows of two, three, or four each, start
together and, with a good deal of laughter and ill directed attempts at mutual
assistance, dash wildly into the pool which is almost constantly full of a
struggling, screaming crowd of young people of both sexes. If you understand
the game, the slide is a graceful progress, but, if you</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[64]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">don't, if you fail to sit erect,
if you do not keep your feet together, above all if you lose your balance and
do not remain absolutely straight on the slide, then your descent will be far
from graceful, it may even be slightly painful and the final plunge into the
lvnn will be distinctly undignified. It is well to leave your dignity at home,
if you go to meng-lunchor with a Malay party, for those who do not weary
themselves with tobogganing become absolutely exhausted with laughing at the
sliders. The fascination of the thing is extraordinary and, to read this poor
description, you would think it impossible that any sane person would spend
hours in straggling up a steep and slippery rock to slide down it on two inches
of water; and, having gained a starting velocity, leap into a shallow pool
where half a dozen people will be on you before you can get out of the way. And
yet I will guarantee that, if your joints are not stiff with age and you are
not afraid of cold water, or ridicule, or personal damage (and you will admit
none of those things) you would meng-lunchor with the best of them, nor be the
first to cry ' hold, enough.'</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is usual for
the men, when sliding down the rock, to sit upon a piece of the thick fibre of
the plantain called ' upei.' It is perhaps advisable, but the women do not seem
to want it. It is surprising that there are so few casualties and of such small
importance—some slight abrasions, a little bumping of the heads, at most the
loss of a tooth, will be the extent of the total damage, and with a little care
there need be none at all.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">By 1 p. m.,
everyone will probably be tired, dry garments are donned, and a very hungry
company does ample justice to the meal.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[65]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">An hour will be
spent in smoking and gossip and, as the shadows begin to lengthen, a long
procession will slowly wend its way back, down the slippery descent, across the
sunny fields, and through the forest, to the trysting-place where all met in
the morning and whence they now return to their own homes.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mention has been
made of the Malay " Amok,' and. as what, with our happy faculty for
mispronunciation and misspelling of the words of other languages, is called
"running amuck" is with many English people their only idea of the
Malay, and that a very vague one, it may be of interest to briefly describe
this form of homicidal mania. Meng-amok is to make a sudden, murderous attack,
and though it is applied to the onslaught of a body of men in war time, or
where plunder is the object and murder the means to arrive at it. The term is
more commonly used to describe the action of an individual who, suddenly and
without apparent cause, seizes a weapon and strikes out blindly, killing and
wounding all who come in his way, regardless of age or sex, whether they be
friends, strangers, or his own nearest relatives,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Just before
sunset on the evening of the 11th February, 1891, a Malay named Imam Mamat
(that is Mamat the priest) came quietly into the house of his brother-in-law at
Pasir Garam on the Perak River, carrying a spear and a golok, i.e. a sharp,
pointed cutting knife. The Imam went up to his brother-in-law. took his hand
and asked his pardon. He then approached his own wife and similarly asked her
pardon, immediately stabbing her fatally in the abdomen with the golok. She
fell, and her brother, rushing to assist her, received a</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[66]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">mortal wound in the heart. The
brother-in-law's wife was in the house with four children, and they managed to
get out before the Imam had time to do more than stab the last of them, a boy,
in the back as he left the door. At this moment, a man, who had heard the
screams of the women, attempted to enter the house, when the Imam rushed at him
and inflicted a slight wound, the man falling to the ground and getting away.
Having secured two more spears which he found in the house, the murderer now
gave chase to the woman and her three little children and made short work of
them. A tiny girl of four years old and a boy of seven were killed, while the
third child received two wounds in the back; a spear thrust disposed of the
mother—all this within one hundred yards of the house. The Imam now walked down
the river bank where he was met by a friend named Uda Majid, rash enough to
think his unarmed influence would prevail over the other's madness. He greeted
the Imam respectfully, and said “You recognise me, don't let there be any
trouble." The Imam replied " Yes I know you, but my spear does
not," and immediately stabbed him twice. Though terribly injured. Uda
Majid wrested the spear from the Imam who again stabbed him twice, this time in
lung and windpipe, and he fell. Another man coming up ran unarmed to the
assistance of Uda Majid, when the murderer turned on the new-comer and pursued
him; but, seeing Uda Majid get up and attempt to stagger away, the Imam went
back to him and, with two more stabs in the back, killed him. Out of the six
wounds inflicted on this man three would have proved fatal. The murderer now
rushed along the river bank and was twice seen to wade far</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[67]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">out into the water and return.
Then, he was lost sight of. By this time the news had spread up stream and
down, and every one was aware that there was abroad an armed man who would
neither give nor receive quarter.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">For two days, a
body of not less than two hundred armed men under the village chiefs made
ceaseless but unavailing search for the murderer. At 6 p. m. on the second day,
Imam Mamat suddenly appeared in front of the house of a man called Lasam who
had barely time to slam the door in his face and fasten it. The house, at that
moment, contained four men, five women, and seven children, and the only weapon
they possessed was one spear.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Lasam asked the
Imam what he wanted, and he said he wished to be allowed to sleep in the house.
He was told he could do so if he would throw away his arms, and to this the
Imam replied by an attempt to spear Lasam through the window. The latter,
however, seized the weapon and, with the help of his son, wrested it out of the
Imam's hands, Lasam receiving a stab in the face from the golok. During this
struggle, the Imam had forced himself half way through the window, and Lasam,
seizing his own spear, thrust it into the thigh of the murderer who fell to the
ground. In the fall, the shaft of the spear broke off leaving the blade in the
wound.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It was now pitch
dark, and, as the people of the house did no know the extent of the Imam's
injury or what lie was doing, a man went out by the back to spread the news and
call the village Headman. On his arrival the light of a torch shewed the Imam
lying on the</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[68]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">ground with his weapons out of
reach, and the Headman promptly pounced upon him and secured him.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> The Imam was
duly handed over to the Police and conveyed to Teluk Anson, but he died from
loss of blood within twenty-four hours of receiving his wound.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Here is the
official list of the killed and wounded—</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Killed.</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Alang Rasak,
wife of Imam Maniat, aged 33</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bilal Abu,
brother-in-law of do ... „ 35</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ngah Intan, wife
of Bilal Abu ... „ 32</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Puteh, daughter
of Bilal Abu .., „
4</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mumin, son of
Bilal Abu ... „ 7</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Uda Majid ... . 35 </span></span>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Wounded</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Kasim, son of
Bilal Abu ... aged 14</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Teh, daughter of
Bilal Abu ... , 6</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mat Sah .......... 45</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Lasam</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is terrible
to have to add that both the women were far advanced in pregnancy.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Imam Mamat was a
man of over forty years of age. of good repute with his neighbours, and I never
heard any cause suggested why this quiet, elderly man of devotional habits
should suddenly, without apparent reason, develope the most inhuman instincts
and brutally murder a number of men, women, and children, his nearest relatives
and friends. It is however quite possible that the man</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE REAL MALAY |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[69]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">was suffering under the burden of
some real or fancied wrong which, after long brooding, darkened his eyes and
possessed him with this insane desire to kill.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
An autopsy was performed on the murderer's body
and the published report of the Surgeon says:—"I hereby certify that I
" this day made a postmortem examination of the body of Imam "
Mahomed and find him to have died from haemorrhage from a " wound on the
outer side of right thigh ; the internal organs were " healthy except that
the membranes of the right side of brain were " more adherent than
usual,"</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-87741924071855624652013-08-04T05:35:00.002+08:002013-08-04T05:37:18.710+08:00CHAPTER VII.—AGRICULTURE AND THE RISE OF TOWNSHIPS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[37]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Each to his task of toil—not heavy, though</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Needful: the earth is young, and yields us
kindly</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Her fruit with little labour.</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Byron's Cain.</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It was natural
that in the centre of each group of mines should spring up a town and market.
The first of these was Taipeng, originally built in one long street of attap
huts, again so rebuilt in 1874- to he twice burnt, down and rebuilt, first in
wood and then in brick. From the ruins of the last fire in 1880, has risen the
present town with its wide Ansenna-shaded streets, Markets, Railway Station and
public building, environed by Barracks, Prisons, Museum, Hospital and all the
dwellings of the European community. The site of the town and buildings is on
flat land, most of it already mined, eight miles from Port Weld, about thirteen
from the sea coast, and a mile from the foot of the Ijau range of hills, which
here rises to a height of over 5,000 feet and affords an excellent water
supply.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Town
contains 14,000 inhabitants, but, as mining is still going on all round it and
within a few feet of some of the roads, the numbers who daily frequent the
streets of Taipeng are very much larger than the actual inhabitants.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Kamunting, three
miles by road and rail to the North, is a village of the same date as its
neighbour. For many years, tin-mining in Perak was practically confined to the
neighbourhood of</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">AGRICULTURE AND THE
RISE OF TOWNSHIPS | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[38]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">these two places. Now the best
ground appears to have been worked out, and the superior attractions of Kinta
have drawn to that district a great body of the Larut miners.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Had not the
Government decided to fix its Head Quarters at Taipeng and erected here its
principal buildings, the probability is that the Town would already have sunk
into a village of small importance.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the immediate
neighbourhood of Kuala Kangsar, the seat of His Highness the Sultan, there are
no mines and though there is a small, neat village built originally as the base
of supply for the Salak mines, eight miles distant and across the Perak River,
it is the absence of the Chinese element that, with the extreme beauty of the
place, makes Kuala Kangsar so attractive. It is the very paradise of Malays; a
wide, shallow, clear river with high banks covered for miles with picturesque
villages, hidden under a wealth of palms and fruit trees. Behind these villages
are rice fields, easily irrigated and annually enriched by the overflow of the
great river, while, on either side, a range of hills shuts in the valley. Here
the Malay lives under his sireh-vine and durian tree ; from his door he looks
out on the river which supplies him with fish, his dug-out is or used, to be,
his carriage ; and, where his orchard ends, his rice field begins. The sale of
his fruit supplies him with money, and, if he is ambitious, he either opens a
plantation of pepper or coffee or acquires a block of mining land and lets it
out to Chinese on tribute.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Salak mines
are now almost abandoned, but the new road running Northward, parallel to the
Perak River, never more than about three miles from its right, bank, has opened
an untried and</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">AGRICULTURE AND THE
RISE OF TOWNSHIPS | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[39]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">extensive mining field for which
Kuala Kangsar, the head quarters of this large district, will furnish the base
of supply.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It was at Kuala
Kangsar that the Government first began its experimental gardens, to be
followed by the Arabian coffee estate on Arang Para (3,200 feet), the tea
garden at a lower elevation of the same hill, and a pepper plantation at the
foot. Then Waterloo, on the Ijau range, was taken over and has now developed,
in the hands of Sir Graeme Elphinstone, into an extensive and
flourishing-coffee estate; while, under the auspices of Government, the
cultivation of pepper has been introduced and many successful gardens are found
all over the Kuala Kangsar District. The road that joins Kuala Kangsar with
Ipoh, (the highest point of the Kinta River navigable to cargo boats) passes,
the Kamuning estate of Mr. T. H. Hill, the pioneer planter in the Protected
States. On the fiat land, between hills of black limestone, there are here
about 300 acres of as fine Liberian coffee as can well be seen ; the estate
borders the road, is capable of great development, and, when the Kinta Valley railway
is completed, will have excellent communication with the Straits Markets.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ipoh is, in its
way, a wonderful instance of the rapid growth of a mining town. Five years ago
a small collection of huts,—to-day, it is a town of well built brick houses
daily increasing and has a population of at least 5,000 people. As the centre
of a rich mining-district, the focus of a number of roads and the present
terminus of the Kinta Valley Railway, its importance is second to that of no
other town in the State. It is peculiar in one respect—that, while</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">AGRICULTURE AND THE
RISE OF TOWNSHIPS | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[40]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">the town is essentially a place
of Chinese, the other bank of the river is inhabited by Malays, who are almost
as keen miners and traders as the men with tails. They do not actually work in
the mines, but they prospect, they find the tin, they acquire the land and let
it on tribute, while the wealthier of them (and that turn, avis, the wealthy
Malay, is found here in quantity) advance to Chinese labourers, build houses
and make money by all the means open to them. The largest owner of house
property in Ipoh is the Malay Chief of the district.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Along the twelve
miles of road that divide Ipoh from Batu Gajah are several mining villages of
some importance, each with its Police Station, Market, and Theatre.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Batu Gajah, the
official Head Quarters of the district, occupies a small table-land on the
right bank of the Kinta River, which it overlooks with a magnificent view of
the Valley and the great chain of mountains that divides Perak from Kelantan
and Pahang.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Batu Gajah is a
very smart little Station with imposing public, offices, Barracks, Hospital,
Prison, Roman Catholic Chapel, and the usual neatly kept gardens and dwelling
houses, but the native village is a mile away on the river bank. There are
mines all round Batu Gajah, but none of them very close.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Gopeng is the
only other important town in the Kinta District, twelve miles by road from
Ipoh. It is the centre of a group of mining fields, lies on the main road
through the State and it is probably here that the first mining was done in
Kinta.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Further south
again is the Kampar Division, where a French </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">AGRICULTURE AND THE
RISE OF TOWNSHIPS | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[41]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Company is mining. It is believed
that Kampar will develop into one of the richest fields in Kinta.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Following the
new road which skirts the western base of Bujang Malaka, the last place of any
importance on it is Tapah, the head quarters of the Batang Padang District. At
present, Tapah is more a Government Station than anything else, for there are
no mines in its immediate vicinity, but there is known to be plenty of good
land in the neighbourhood. The progress of this district should be materially
assisted by the opening of the Railway, with which Tapah is in communication by
five miles of road. It is difficult for agriculture to make much headway with
such a rival as mining, across the road as it were, but Sumatran Malays have
planted a quantity of Liberian coffee in Kinta, and Batang Padang offers great
attractions to an agriculturist.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">There are only
two other townships in Perak that need mention, aid neither of them owes its
existence to mining for they are both the centres of agricultural
districts—Krian and Lower Perak—and while both Parit Buntar, the Head Quarters
of Krian, and Teluk Anson in Lower Perak, have been called into life within the
last fifteen years, there is this difference between them that, whereas, in
that time, the country for miles round Parit Buntar has been converted from
jungle into fields of sugarcane and padi, there was already existing in Lower
Perak, though not at Teluk Anson, a considerable resident population of Malays.
There is this resemblance between them that they both owe their existance
mainly to the energy of one man, Mr. Noel Denison.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">AGRICULTURE AND THE
RISE OF TOWNSHIPS | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[42]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Perak
district of Krian in 1874 was a roadless jungle with a few padi fields and one
or two isolated fishing villages on the toast. Now, most of the country between
the Krian and Kurau Rivers and even beyond the latter, is an unbroken extent of
rice and cane fields, the former cultivated by Malays and Tamils, the latter
owned by Chinese and cultivated by their countrymen or by Tamil labourers.
There is also in this district the extensive and flourishing Gula Estate
belonging to a Shanghai Company, managed by Europeans with Tamil labour. The
machinery on this Estate contains the most modern improvements, whilst several
of the Chinese owners are not much behindhand.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Parit Buntar
village is only a small place, but it is sufficient for the wants of a widely
scattered agricultural population, and another village has arisen at Bagan
Serai on the Kurau River that, from its central position, may eventually become
the principal trading place in Krian. The district is now well roaded and what
it wants is irrigation to make the rice-growers independent of drought and
flood, and to supply them with a constant supply of good drinking water. A
scheme with this object has been prepared. If it can be successfully carried
out, the Government of Perak will be able to point to Krian as the greatest
agricultural achievement in the Protected States.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Teluk Anson,
forty miles from the mouth of the Perak River, here 60 feet deep and about
1.700 feet wide, is built on the left bank of the stream. Until adopted as the
site for the port of Lower Perak, the place was a swampy forest. Now, it is a
well laid out town of brick and plank houses containing about 6,000 people,
besides</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">AGRICULTURE AND THE
RISE OF TOWNSHIPS | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[43]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">possessing the public buildings
necessary for the chief station of a large district. Above and below Teluk
Anson, the banks of the river are fringed by Malay villages and padi fields,
and Teluk Anson supplies the market where produce is sold and the necessaries
and luxuries of life purchased. Up till very recently, the whole of the supplies
for the mines of Kinta and Batang Padang have been imported from Penang and
Singapore to Teluk Anson by sea. and conveyed up country by boats using the
difficult and dangerous rivers leading to these districts. Similarly, all the
tin has found its way to Teluk Anson for shipment to the Straits ports. Now,
the railway will supersede the river transport and as the carriage will be
quicker, safer, and possibly cheaper, trading facilities will be improved and
Teluk Anson may be expected to benefit thereby. This place also has suffered
from the want of pure drinking water, but extensive works are in course of
construction to bring water from a source of supply at Changkat Jong, eight
miles distant.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">All the land in
this neighbourhood is suitable for the cultivation of every form of low-country
tropical produce, hut rice, sugar, and coconuts are specially successful. At
Setiawan, on the boundary of the Colony's territory at the Dindings, Mr.
Denison. in the last few years of his life, succeeded in planting a settlement
of foreign Malays which promises, if carefully nursed in the days of its
struggling infancy, to grow into another Krian.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nothing has been
said of the nature of land tenure in Perak, because even a brief description
would only weary the general reader</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">AGRICULTURE AND THE
RISE OF TOWNSHIPS | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[44]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">and would not satisfy the
intending planter, who can obtain all information he wants by applying to the
Government.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-77502423965757773982013-08-02T23:39:00.001+08:002013-08-02T23:57:30.200+08:00CHAPTER VI – MINING | About Perak<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[31]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>" And, as a miner delves.</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>For bidden treasure bedded deep in stone, </i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>So seek ye and find the treasure patriotism
In lands remote."</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>W. M. Sosietti.</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The name of this
State, that is the modern name, means silver, and though galena and silver have
been found in Perak these minerals do not compare in frequency with the oxide
of tin which, usually black, is as brilliantly white as silver when smelted.
That is not the origin of the State's name given by Malays, but it is probably
the correct one. Alluvial tin ore is so widely distributed that it is but
little exaggeration to say it can be found anywhere within a few miles of the
hills. Lodes have been discovered and prospected; but, so far, without
favourable result, no well defined continuous vein of the metal having been met
with.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It seems as
though the main rock formations and disconnected boulders of the hills had
contained the ore in greater or less quantity and that, by erosion and the
ordinary action of sun and rain, the heavy mineral particles had found their
way into mountain streams and so down into the valleys, where in the course of
ages they had accumulated and been covered by an overburden of soil. Not
infrequently, this process has taken place more than once and a first stratum
of tin-bearing sand and gravel,—wash-dirt as it is called—is followed by a
second overburden of earth and a second and richer deposit of tin ore, usually
lying amongst waterworn boulders</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">MINING | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[32]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">on a foundation of fine white
clay and that on the bed rock. It is the unevenness of these deposits that
makes alluvial tin mining so risky a venture. The risk of loss but possibility
of large profit attracts the gambling instincts of the Chinese, but this
insecurity deters Europeans whose ways are not the ways of the Celestial. It
might naturally be thought that careful boring would show exactly where the tin
is, how thick the wash-dirt and how extensive its area. Theoretically this is
so, practically the opening of the ground alone gives certainty. The boring
tools will not shew tin where there is none, but in this water-charged,
gravelly soil, the instrument, in passing through a thin layer of wash-dirt,
often carries down with it, to a considerable distance, the stones and heavy
particles of ore, so that, when the tube is withdrawn, it shews traces of tin
through a much greater depth than that of the actual tin-bearing stratum.
European companies founded on the results given laboring tools have had
occasion to regret the hopes built on the performances of this instrument. No
doubt, careful handling will do much and the reverse is largely responsible for
unreliable results, but the fact remains that boring alone is not a perfect
test of the ground.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Now, this makes
all the difference between the work of Chinese and Europeans. I do not wish to
go into Chinese mining methods ; but, as the Malay Peninsula is, by far, the
largest tin producer in the world, as labour is sufficiently cheap here to
enable us to work for prices that would probably close all other mines except
those in Netherlands India, and as in Singapore there are smelting works twice
as large as any other such works in the world, there is a certain</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">MINING | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[33]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">amount of interest attaching to
this question. It is, however, enough to say that a Malay Pawang (medicine-man)
has the same sort of nose for tin that a truffle dog has for truffles. At least
that is so with the Perak Pawang and, what is of more importance, the Chinaman
believes in him. Usually, too, the Malay proves his own confidence in his own
powers by digging a small hole and shewing the ore. That is more than enough,
for a Chinaman who straightway buys, or more commonly, agrees to take the land
on tribute. He finds the capital and a palm shed where the labourers, who
usually have an interest in the mine, live. Before any pumping machinery is
necessary, it has usually been ascertained, by the removal of the overburden,
what the wash-dirt is worth. If the whole thing is a failure the capitalist
loses a little and the coolies make nothing ; if there is even a small quantity
of ore, the capitalist loses nothing. But the total failures are very rare, and
it mostly happens that, when the advancer has recovered all his expenses and
his interest and his commission and his, the lion's share of the profits, there
will still be a fair amount to divide amongst the labourers. Two very
significant facts prove this ; one, that this form of work is mightily popular,
and the other that disputes between advancer and coolies are very uncommon.
That is Chinese tin mining; but the European, what of him and his methods? Well it might not be altogether inexact to
describe them as "contrariwise," except in the case of those who try
to emulate the almond-eyed Celestial. The European first bores. I have said it
is not an altogether reliable plan but it may, if carefully done, be almost as
suc-</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">MINING | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[34]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">cessful as complete trust in tlie
Malay Pawaug. Then, usually, European mining is done by companies, and
company's money is almost like Government money. It is not of too much account
because it seems to belong to no one in particular, and is given by Providence
for the support of deserving expert and often travelled individuals. Several of
these are necessary to fairly start a European mining venture, and they are
mostly engaged long before they are wanted. There is the manager and the
sub-manager, the accountant, the engineer, the smelter—but do we not all know
the oft told tale that never seems to point any moral at all. Machinery is
bought, houses are built, in fact the capital of the company is spent—no doubt
that is what it was subscribed for, and the shareholders shall not be
disappointed if the management, the experts and the employes can help it. And
then—if ever things get so far—some Chinese are employed on wages or contract, the
former for choice, to remove the overburden. After possibly a series of great
hardships to the staff and disasters to the company, it is found that the tin
raised is infinitesimal in value when compared with the rate of expenditure,
and that the longer the work goes on the greater will be the losses. This is
usually discovered when the paid up capital is all but exhausted. The company
is wound up and the State gets a bad name with investors, and the only people
who really enjoy themselves are the neighbouring Chinese miners who buy the
mine and plant for an old song and make several large fortunes out of working
on their own ridiculous and primitive methods.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">MINING | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[35]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">This is a State
where exactly such things have happened more than once and, however badly its
name may smell in the nostrils of investors, it produces more tin than ever it
did and more than any other State in the Peninsula.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The quantity
exported in 1892 is given as 16,538 tons.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">A little careful
enquiry will satisfy the curious that the most successful Chinese
miners—Capitan Ah Kwi for instance—do not owe the bulk of their wealth to tin,
but to other adventitious circumstances, such as the holding of Revenue Farms
and the various resources of that business which is covered by the term 'Thayke
labour' or Mining Advancer. But even where a European will work intelligently,
where he does not insist that which he has learnt elsewhere must be the only correct
plan here, where his ground is good and he works skilfully, honestly, and
economically, even should he be the only European on the mine, he is denied the
avenues of profit open to the Chinese advancer, and his salary alone would mean
a fair profit to a Chinaman.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Such men are
also to be found in Perak and, under the most favourable circumstances, they
have shewn that Europeans need not fail, but they do not properly belong to the
family of Mining Experts. I say family, because they possess certain family
characteristics and they have a habit of speaking despitefully of each other
which is suggestive of near relationship. There are different types of the '
Expert," as they love to call themselves, but traits of resemblance are
seldom wanting. There is the man who " knows what he wants and means to
have it," and there is the man</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">MINING | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[36]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">who knows what you want and means
to let you have it,—as an extraordinary favour for a price you will some day
regret. There is the man who will not open his lips till he has looked behind
every door and out of every window to see if there is a possible listener,
because he knows how reporters, hang upon his words and brokers seek to
furtively surprise his secrets ; and there is tinman who has friends to tell
you that, if you wish to see him, it is well to call before noon, for, after
that, you are not likely to get anything out of him. So you hurry to him before
noon and, if he is in a good humour, he will get something out of you. And then
there are the men who know but would not sell their employers and the men who
know their employers rather like being sold. There is the sanguine, jovial man,
who. under the influence of your company, becomes extraordinarily communicative
and then begs you earnestly to forget what he has said and, on no account, to
tell your friends; while, on the other hand, there is the silent retiring
pessimist who, when he murmurs a hint of possibilities, carries to your mind
conviction more certain than Holy Writ. Lastly there are the 'honest men—but
why speak of them ? Were not all the Cities of the Plain destroyed for the want
of a few righteous persons!- Be satisfied that all those you will ever meet
will surely be honest men and remember that, as a class, a deeply-interesting,
much-trusted, mysterious class, the mining experts stand as Diplomacy's first
line of Reserve and might be to the Foreign Office what the Mercantile Marine
is to Her Majesty's Navy. I am certain that Pythagoras or poor tormented
Malvolio would have said that the soul of a. mining expert might haply inhabit
the body of an ambassador. Is it a questionable apotheosis ?</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-84100992129215949562013-08-02T23:35:00.005+08:002013-08-02T23:56:46.381+08:00CHAPTER V—PORTS AND WATERWAYS | About Perak<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[26]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>" Lo, as the bark that hath discharged her
fraught </i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Returns’ with "precious”lading to the
bay </i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>From whence at first she weigh'd her
anchorage." </i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Tituti Andronicus.</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i> </i>Having described
the internal communications by road and rail, a few words on the Ports and
Waterways of Perak will not be out of place.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Beginning from
the northern boundary o£ the State, there are eleven navigable rivers used by
coasting steamers and native craft trading with Perak. First, there is the
Krian river, in its upper course dividing Perak from the Malay State of Kedah;
but, for the last few miles before it reaches the sea, wholly in British
Territory. This considerable stream is only navigable for native boats in the
upper reaches, practically as far as Selama, while nothing larger than a steam
launch can cross the bar except at high water. There are only seven feet on the
bar at the top of spring tides. Nevertheless, there is a daily steam launch
service from Penang to Nibong Tebal in Province Wellesley ; and, before the
pontoon bridge was constructed, these launches ascended to Parit Buntar, the
principal station of the Krian District of Perak and a place of some importance
as the centre of a large rice and sugar producing country. There is a very
considerable trade carried by native craft between Parit Buntar and Penang. A
little further south, is the Gula river giving access to the large sugar estate
of that name; and, further south, yet, is the Kurau river, navigable for steam
launches</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">PORTS AND WATERWAYS |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[27]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">and native craft. But, here
again, the shallowness of the water on the bar is a difficulty. There is a
large fishing village at the mouth of the Kurau river and, higher up, are
Sungei Siakap and Bagan Serai, both thriving places, while the banks of the
river are covered with splendid sugar canes as far as the eye can reach. This
river is fringed by the nipah palm of which '<i>atap</i>' (thatch) is made; and, from the head waters, are floated down
quantities of valuable timber that find their way to Penang.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Still going
southward, there are the Silensing and Larut rivers, by either of which vessels
can reach Port Weld and Matang—the former the terminus of the Larut Railway,
the latter the terminus of the Taipeng-Matang road.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Between Port
Weld and Penang, there is daily communication by coasting vessels of small
draught, while Matang is much patronised by native sailing craft. From Port
Weld to Taipeng, the principal town of Larut and also of the State, there is no
cart road,—only a railway and bridle road. But, by taking their goods to Matang
and loading them in bullock carts. Native traders find that they can get them
more cheaply and, sometimes with less breakage, to their own doors in Taipeng,
Kuala Kangsar, orKinta, than by shipping in
steamers, discharging into the railway at Port Weld and then having to resort to
the bullock cart to get them to their destination.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Port Weld is
interesting from the fact that, in spite of its position as the spot where 'wheel
meets keel'; in spite of its comparative proximity to Penang (40 miles); its
daily arrival and de-</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">PORTS AND WATERWAYS |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[28]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">parture of steamers and its fresh
water supply from the Larut hills, it remains an absolute failure as a
Settlement. The inhabitants of Port Weld are Government employes and half a
dozen petty shopkeepers to supply their wants and those of a neighbouring
fishing village. The lesson taught is one that should not be thrown away, for
the Government has spent very considerable sums in building good wharves,
bunding out the sea, making roads, and laving on pure water. The fact is,
however, that Port Weld is simply a place of transit, a station at which to
walk from ship to train or vice versa, and everything that has to be done there
can be done perfectly without the presence of the people who find it pleasanter
and more profitable to live in Taipeng or elsewhere. The very facilities
afforded by the Government, a few yards of planking dividing train from
steamer, conduce to this result. And if a business man thinks it necessary to
go to Port Weld to superintend the discharge of shipping of goods, if he will
not trust the railway or steamer people, or has no one to send, why should he
stay at a disagreeable place when twenty minutes, training will take him home
again ? No, Port Weld is a type of such places ; and none of them will develop
into the Singapores and Hongkongs of the future—because the circumstances are
totally different.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Between the
Larut and Perak Rivers there are the Trong, Jarum Mas, Bruas, and Dinding ;
but, though each is frequented by a few native craft, they are, none of them,
worth more than passing mention.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">PORTS AND WATERWAYS |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[29]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Perak River,
has, for years, been of importance ; because, by this river and its tributary,
the Kinta, was, until recently, the only access to the Districts of Kinta,
Batang Padang, and Lower Perak. Kinta is the greatest tin-producing District in
Perak. Batang Padang promises to follow in its footsteps, and Lower Perak is a
country capable of great agricultural development which, until two years ago,
did a large trade in <i>atap nipa</i> with
Sumatra ; and, since the prospects of tobacco are reviving, may do so again.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">But, now, on the
Perak River, forty miles from its mouth, has grown out of the jungle an important
and prosperous town called Teluk Anson. This town is the terminus of the Kinta
Valley Railway, the value of which undertaking has already been explained. The
entrance to the Perak River is well lighted, the bar offers no difficulties to
coasting steamers, the river as far as Teluk Anson is wide and deep ; and,
while there is a daily steamer service to Penang, there is communication every
other day with the coast ports to the southward ending with Singapore, Teluk
Anson is the market of the Lower Perak District and, as such, occupies a very
different position from a port without trade of its own; moreover, it has no
rival to fear ; for, if, as seems unlikely, a railway should be constructed
from Kinta to the Dinding River, Teluk Anson would still remain the port of
Lower Perak, Batang Padang, and the wide stretch of country between these
places and the boundary with Selangor.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Bernam
River, from source to mouth, forms the southern boundary of Perak. Once the bar
is crossed, and that can be done</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">PORTS AND WATERWAYS |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[30]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">at half-tide, the river is
navigable for steamers for about seventy miles, but at present the population
is very small, and their needs are supplied by native vessels.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Practically,
then, the trade of Perak with the outside world is carried on through two
ports—Teluk Anson and Port Weld; and, when it is considered that the trade is
worth roughly twenty millions of dollars annually, and that almost all
passengers are dependent on the steamers which carry it, something more than a
mild surprise may be expressed at the character of the accommodation which is
offered. From Port Weld to Penang is forty miles, and from Teluk Anson to
Penang 130 miles. But. during the south-west monsoon, the weather, though not
quite what is met with in the English Channel, is still sufficiently unpleasant
to make anyone hesitate to attempt even so short a journey on vessels, whose
owners seem fully satisfied if they can get safely from port to port in any
length of time, carrying as heavy a cargo and as many deck passengers as
possible; neither cargo nor passengers being the pleasantest of companions in
even the calmest weather. The vessels are said to be all owned in Singapore or
Penang, where some of them were built, when and by whom would probably puzzle
the ‘oldest inhabitant’ to tell.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-9014751936090576342013-08-01T22:43:00.003+08:002013-08-02T23:56:25.040+08:00CHAPTER IV.--- THE OPENING OF COMMUNICATIONS | About Perak<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Is any one afraid of
change ? I would gladly know what can be done without it and what is dearer and
more suitable to the universal nature? Marcus Aurelius. </i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[20] <i><br /></i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In a State
having an area of 10,000 square miles, where the only means of communication
were rivers navigable for native boats and jungle paths without bridges, it was
natural that the first efforts of intelligent administration should be directed
to the construction of roads. The only existing cart road in the State, from
Taipeng to the Port of Matang (Larut District), was first put in order. Then it
was continued to Kamunting, and within the last few years that extension has been
carried South West through the agricultural District of Krian to join the
Colony's road over the Krian pontoon bridge into Province Wellesley, and North
West through an undulating country to Selama, where the promise of successful
tin lode-mining has not been fulfilled. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Whilst the needs
of the miners in the neighbourhood of Taipeng were thus met, Kuala Kangsar (the
seat of the Sultan on the Perak River and, for many years, the principal
residence of the British Resident) was put in communication with Taipeng by
means of a cart road, which joined the Taipeng - Matang road at Simpang. This
highway crosses the range dividing the valleys of the Perak and Larut Rivers,
and, for years, the road through the pass was hardly fit for vehicles, until
the Ceylon Pioneers took it in hand and made it into one of the best sections
of road in the State. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Meanwhile, to
encourage mining in Kinta, the Town of Gropeng </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE OPENING OF
COMMUNICATIONS | About Perak </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[21]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">had been put in touch with the
Kinta River by means of 10 miles of indifferent road, and, in the last six
years, Kuala Kangsar has been joined to Kinta by an excellent road which,
crossing the Perak River by a pontoon bridge, follows an agricultural and
mining country to Ipoh, and, thence, traversing the Kinta district by way of
Gopeng, skirts the western base of the mountain, Bujang Malaka, and, passing
through Tapah and the Batang Padang District as far as Kuala Lipis, will
eventually join the Selangor main trunk road at Tanjong Malim on the Bernam
River. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The most recently
constructed roads are :--- one to open the Larut Coast District, and
eventually give Setiwan and Lumut communication with the Perak road system ; a
hill road by Waterloo Estate to shew what attractions the high lands of Gunong
Ijau offer to planters ; a branch striking due North of the Kuala Kangsar road
to Kota Tampan to be continued, it is understood, to the northern boundary of
the State ; and a number of branches from the Kinta main roads to open
promising mining fields. All these are cart roads, and it is matter of common
notoriety that they have been well constructed with very flat gradients and
that they are almost, without exception, in excellent order. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The system is
briefly a main trunk road through the widest part of the State from Province
Wellesley to Selangor, --- the general direction being from North West to South
East. --- with a northern road to Upper Perak and a southern road to Trong,
(which is in the Matang District of Larut) and thence parallel to the coast to
Bruas and Setiawan. The total length of the first class roads </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE OPENING OF
COMMUNICATIONS | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[22]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">finished is about 300 miles,
coastnicted at a cost of over two and a half million dollars whilst, if
ummetalled cart roads and bridle-roads be added, the total length is 750 miles. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The opening of
long sections of cart road have given some very interesting and instructive
results of a kind that, some years ago, would hardly have been credited by
persons interested in these States. The main lesson taught is that 60 miles of
<i>good, flat</i> cart road between a port and a busy centre of production and
consumption is not regarded as at all an excessive length of transport for
bullock carts, and over this distance, that form of carriage appears to pay
consumers and cart owners. At present, there is nothing to shew that, <i>under the
same conditions</i>, the length of transport might not be extended to 100 miles,
and the carts still be able to compete successfully with difficult river
carriage or with a railway charging high rates of freight. The reason is mainly
because the carts load from or into the ship, and discharge at or take from the
door of the consignee or exporter. The handling is the smallest possible and
therefore the cheapest, whilst the risk of breakage is also proportionately
small. It is significant that, where a read between a market and a port runs
parallel with a short line of railway charging very low rates of carriage. the
carts successfully compete with the line. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Again, time to a
native is apparently not money, is only leisure, and it rarely happens either
that the native passenger is in a hurry, or that it matters to him whether his
goods are two or three hours or two or three days on the road. Money on the
contrary is </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE OPENING OF
COMMUNICATIONS | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[23] </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">everything, and the means of
transport that costs least, taking into consideration everything, except time,
is the one that recommends itself to him. There are numbers of bullock busses
running on the main road in Perak now that carry passengers 23 miles for fifty
cents a head, a rate which, under the strain of competition, was reduced to ten
cents. It is needless to say that a horse coach, although subsidized by the
Government, was unable to live with such opposition. The natural conclusion is
that a railway in a Native State will only pay well when there is no effectual
competition, --- either no road at all, or when it is so hilly, in such bad
repair, or so round-about, that, practically, the railway has no serious
opposition to contend with. Bullocks cost comparatively little to buy, very
little to keep ; and the carts are rough and inexpensive, the harness nil, and
the drivers are usually also the owners, and a very small sum will support
them. The only thing they have to fear is a murrain amongst the cattle, an
accident of not infrequent occurrence in years gone by, but from which they have
had almost absolute immunity for some time.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">To thoughtful
people interested in the Native States, these considerations are of great
importance, for they very seriously affect all questions of railway
construction while they prove, as it has been proved in Perak where alone there
so far exist the circumstances necessary, that a really good cart road, even a
long one, will supply almost if not quite all the Native needs, and that,
probably, at a cheaper rate than can be done by the much more expensive
railway. On the other hand, the railway is a far quicker and </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE OPENING OF
COMMUNICATIONS| About Perak </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[24]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">pleasanter means of transport for
travellers ; and, to those who find the capital for roads and railways (and
that in Perak is the Government) the former give no direct returns while they
are a constant and serious expense for upkeep.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The first
railway ever constructed in the Peninsula was that between Port Weld and
Taipeng, and the immediate reason for it was a murrain which destroyed almost
all the draught cattle and threatened very serious difficulty.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The line, 8
miles long, has since been extended through the nearer mines to Ulu Sapetang or
Blanda Mabok on the Selama Eoad. The line is now 17 miles long and the receipts
exceed the expenditure by a sum equivalent to 3% on the capital expended. In
this case, there is a parallel road competition with an opposition port at
Matang, and the line, whilst very convenient, will probably never yield a large
revenue unless extended to, or towards Kuala Kangsar.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Another line, 50
miles long, from Teluk Anson on the Perak River to Ipoh near tlie head of the
Kinta Valley, is partly open and will be finished bv the close of next year. As
Kinta is now the largest tin-producing district in Perak, is capable of
considerable development, and the line will also serve another rich district.
Batang Padang, the railway will probably pay well. Almost the only competition
it will have to face is boat carriage by a very difficult and shallow river,
that will be practically abandoned as a highway when the railway is opened. The
fact that the main road runs parallel to the railway for a portion of its
length is of no moment whatever, because the goods to lie carried are all
imported into or</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE OPENING OF
COMMUNICATIONS| About Perak </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[25]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">exported from the State. Once in
the train, they will not leave it until they reach, in one case, the point
nearest the dwelling of the consignee, and, in the other, the port of shipment.
The only effective opposition, therefore, will be the existing line of
transport between Penang and Matang by sea and the 55 miles of road that join
Matang with Ipoh and so with the rest of the Kinta District. If the sea
carriage from Penang or Singapore to Teluk Anson and the 50 miles of rail
cannot hold their own, it will certainly be curious.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Speaking
generally, it may be said that there is no important village or mining centre
in the State of Perak that is not now in communication with every other similar
place by means of a first class road. Port Weld is in railway communication
with Taipeng, the principal town in the State, and Teluk Anson, the other
principal port, will shortly be in railway communication with Ipoh, the town of
next consideration. The conception of the roads is systematic, comprehensive,
and good. The Larut railway is convenient and may yet grow into a line of
importance; the Kinta Valley railway has been wanted for years, will enormously
benefit the Kinta and Batang Padang Districts, will give a fillip to Teluk
Anson, and will prove a financial success.</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-89718419505972616142013-08-01T22:34:00.006+08:002013-08-02T23:56:10.480+08:00CHAPTER III--- FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS | About Perak<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>" Curse me them from thence." Num. XXIII. 18</i>.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> [13]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the Pangkor Engagement
are two clauses that practically placed the whole administration of Perak in
the hands of the Resident. They are these: - </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" <b>Clause VI</b>. That the Sultan receive and
provide a suitable residence for a British Officer to be called Resident, who
shall be accredited to his Court, and whose advice must be asked and acted upon
on all questions other than those touching Malay religion and custom." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" <b>Clause X</b>. That the collection and
control of all revenues and the general administration of the country be
regulated under the advice of these Residents." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is evident
that the collection and control of all revenue and the tendering of advice
which must be acted upon cover all executive authority. In August, 1876,
however, the Secretary of State's instructions were sent to the Residents of
Perak and Selangor, and it was added "you will observe that in continuing
the Residential system Her Majesty's Government define the functions of the
Resident to be the giving of influential and responsible advice to the ruler *
* *. The Residents are not to interfere more frequently or to a greater extent
than is necessary with the minor details of Government &c., &c." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[14]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In May, 1878, a
further circular was despatched to the Residents of three Protected States
warning them that "the Residents have been placed in the Native States as
advisers, not as rulers, and if they take upon themselves to disregard this
principle they will most assuredly be held responsible if trouble springs out
of their neglect of it." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Secretary of
State said the circular was " both necessary and judicious in its
terms," but he also wrote : ' I fully recognise the delicacy of the task
imposed on the Residents and am aware that much must be left to their
discretion on occasions when prompt and firm action is called for." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">This, naturally,
threw the entire responsibility on the Resident, and whether he failed in
character and firmness, or whether he showed excessive zeal and anxiety to
remove abuses and advance the interests of the State, he did so with the
knowledge that he could not run with the Treaty and hold with the instructions.
Perak is the only State where these special Treaty powers are conferred on the
Resident, but, as every one knows, not only there but also in all the States
the Residents have, by force of circumstances, gone beyond the instructions and
carried on the administration with a wider authoritv, but much on the same
lines as though the States had formed an integral portion of the Colony. From
the earliest days of protection, it was laid down, and necessarily so, that the
Native States, in their relations with the neighbouring Colony, would look to
the Governor as the controlling authority behind the Residents. and that in all
other respects each Native State would supply its own machinery of Government. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[15]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the gradual
education of that staff of officers which has grown up to assist the Residents,
the experience of the Straits Settlements has been largely drawn upon for rules
and orders in the conduct of affairs. Similarly, Colonial and Indian laws have
been adapted to deal with circumstances that had a parallel in those places ;
but in Perak there are prevailing circumstances utterly unknown in the Colony,
and, to meet these, local knowledge alone could safely be employed. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">During and after
a brief occupation of a few posts by English Troops, the late Mr. J. G.
Davidson was British Resident in Perak. He, however, had never liked Perak,
accepted the post with the utmost hesitation under great pressure, and very
shortly resigned to resume his own profession. His successor came from Labuan
as Mr. Low and left as Sir Hugh Low, G.C.M.G., after eleven years of most
difficult, tactful, and successful administration. I am not dealing with
individuals but with the growth of a system, and I do not propose to here
attempt to enumerate the services of Sir H. Low or any other officer, nor what
Perak owes to each individually. To realize the nature of the task
accomplished, it is necessary to appreciate the circumstances that obtained
when first a British Officer was appointed to be Resident in Perak. As a
protest against what we call civilization, the people of Perak assassinated
him. Then followed a military expedition and some punishment, which those who
felt it naturally resented, and though the subsequent occupation gave the
Resident an authority which Mr. Birch never possessed, yet he had to deal with
a people of strong character, of the Muhammadan religion, </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[16]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">nearly all the most influential
of them being bitterly (opposed to British methods of administration or indeed
to anything that interfered with the exercise of their own inclination. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">A State Council
was established, and in this Council sits the Sultan, the most important of the
Malay chiefs, and some Chinese. It deals with all legislation and with the
appointments of all Native Headmen, with their allowances, and with the Civil
List. It has been a wonderful safety valve, and to be a member is considered a
very high privilege in Perak. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Slavery and debt
slavery were both abolished within a few years ; but, in making that simple and
apparently natural statement, no idea is conveyed of the burning nature of this
question and the exceedingly delicate handling that it required and received. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1874, no
Perak Malay man was ever seen unarmed. The man usually carried from three to
eight weapons, and boys of a few years old two or three. The carrying of arms
was gradually forbidden and is now unknown. A kris, which used to be a Malay's
most prized possession, has now very little value. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Resident's
Guard has developed into a highly disciplined regiment of Sikhs ;
communications have been opened in every direction ; all most important
questions, land, mines, labour, etc, dealt with ; posts, telegraphs, railways
established ; the country divided into Districts and Divisions with all the
usual administrative machinery ; and Courts of Justice are found at every
centre of population. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Small pox and cholera used to decimate the Malays of Perak
and </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[17] </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">the fear of those scourges
amounted to a bad form of panic. Vaccination, sanitation, and the ministrations
of qualified medical practitioners have, however, altered all this, --- but the
Malay still declines to become an in-patient of those excellent Hospitals which
are found all over the State. Other nationalities have no such scruples. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Then, of course,
there are prisons ; very creditable institutions they are and they will bear
the closest scrutiny. Education, too, has of late years received some of the
attention it deserves and the results are promising. And whilst such evidences
of sound government may be treated as matters of course, Perak has spent large
sums of money on what some may regard as articles of luxury :--- a Museum,
Experimental Gardens, and a Trigonometrical Survey. Lastly, in the twenty years
of "advice" the population has
more than doubled itself, the Revenue is close on three millions of dollars,
and the Trade, real imports and real exports, consumed in or produced by the
State, is valued at over twenty millions. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">All this sounds
well enough, and any enquiring mind can by personal observation see that much
has been done and well done. No greater mistake could be made, however, than to
suppose that the result might not have been extremely different. Our
neighbours, the Dutch, have had in Sumatra an experience as unpleasant as it
has been costly. Even now, to imagine that Perak or any other Native State can
be treated like a British Colony is culpable ignorance. I have spoken of the
Residential system, but in reality there was no system ; what there is now has
grown of experience gained in attempting the untried. A British Officer, acting
under </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[18]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">the instructions of a distant
Governor, is sent to "advise" a Malay Ruler and his Chiefs. The
officer is told he is responsible for everything but he is not to interfere in
details. His advice must be followed, but he must not attempt to enforce it and
so on. He must keep the peace, see that justice is administered, respect vested
interests, abolish abuses, raise revenue, foster British interests, do his best
for the State, and obey the instructions he receives from Singapore, and with
it all he is at his peril to remember that he is only the adviser of the Malay
Ruler! Out of that somewhat difficult position has grown the present
administration, --- and the main reason why success has been secured is twofold
: first, because a succession of Governors have trusted their Residents and
supported them ; and, secondly, because of that very possession of large
authority which is at once the strength and the weakness of the Residential idea. Had the authority
been less, the results to-day would certainly have been very far short of those
achieved ; but, for all that, it may be safely affirmed that, whilst the power
for good is immense, the power for mistakes, for extravagance, for
favouritism, or for what can be described as " bullying " is greater
than should be placed in any single hand. This is the real flaw and it would be
possible to shew that the danger is far from imaginary. It is curious that
while, in the past few years, much has been said and written of the need for
change in existing arrangements, the reasons given have been so wide of this---
which is the vital weakness, To enable members of the Straits Bar to practise
in the Native States Courts, to be able to compel the Native States to
contribute to the </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS |
About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> [19]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">cost of Imperial Troops stationed
in Singapore, to induce English speculators ' to invest money and safeguard
their transactions by English laws, to make huge properties obtained by
concession from an independent Malay Raja valuable by declaring the land
British territory--- these are some of the grounds advanced for breaking faith
with the Malays, who are now perfectly satisfied with existing arrangements
wherein they have an influence and interest of which they would certainly be
deprived by annexation. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">True, the voice
of a public opinion is wanting and that can only come with a public to express
it ; true, also, the Magistrates are inexperienced and give curious decisions,
but that is not peculiar to the Malay States ; while, as for the security for
invested capital, if there be any real doubt on this point, it could be met by
strengthening the Bench. The want is, however, a better control of the Resident
who, in his capacity of adviser to the Sultan, of actual head of the executive
and sole means of communication with the Governor, possesses a power probably
without parallel. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Of course, it
would be easy to criticise in other directions ; but they would not be
criticisms of a system and would apply equally to any form of Government as
well as to that of a Protected Malay State. All over the world, stupid,
extravagant, and partial things are done in the name of government, and, if the
truth be told, Perak, while making wonderful progress, through freedom from the
trammels of red-tape and many councillors, is still in danger of shipwreck on
the rock of personal authority. </span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-91257138358975355172013-08-01T22:29:00.004+08:002013-08-02T23:55:49.685+08:00CHAPTER II - THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM | About Perak<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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[8]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>" The King said ;- ‘Verily we stand in need of a man of sufficient
intelligence who is able to carry on the administration of the government,’ ‘
He replied ; -‘ It is a sign of sufficient intelligence not to engage in such
matters.' The Gulistan of Sa'adi. </i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It may be
questioned whether any more interesting experiment in administration was ever
undertaken than that initiated by the Pangkor Engagement in January, 1874.
Given a beautiful, fertile State, rich in minerals, splendidly watered, almost
within shout of the Equator : imagine it sparsely inhabited by a peculiar,
sensitive, courageous, superstitious, passionate, and conservative people ;
suppose that not six white men had penetrated into this country within memory ;
that there were only twelve miles of cart road in the State. and those only in
one Province where the Chinese outnumbered the Natives of the land by ten to
one ; add that these Chinese had for over a year been in open warfare with each
other ignoring every authority ; that they had burnt down every house ; that
all mining had ceased ; and that the only positions occupied were forts full of
armed men, and coast villages, the head quarters of pirates. Then, consider
that, in this country, there were two claimants to the chief authority, each of
whom had assumed the title of Sultan, while yet </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[9] </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">another claimant was in the field
with at least equal pretensions, and a fourth chief had for years been playing
a skilful game to secure the reversion of power to himself. Of wheels within
wheels the number was infinite, but it may be mentioned that Upper Perak was
the scene of an open conflict between two aspirants to the post of Sri Adika
Raja, while every Malay of any consideration in the State, who could muster twenty
followers, sat down on the bank of some river and exacted toll from every
passing boat. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Perhaps, it is
hardly surprising that, under these circumstances, Raja Abdullah asked for the
assistance of the Governor of the Straits Settlements to send him an Officer to
teach him how to rule this unruly country. It is more surprising to find the
task accepted with alacrity and each difficulty disposed of by one man's energy
and insistence, until the Chiefs, so long unaccustomed to any form of control,
rebelled against this white man's attempt to put an end to the infamies daily
brought before his eyes, and determined to get rid of him, in the firm belief
that no penalty would be exacted and that no successor would venture to trust
himself again to Perak hospitality. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> When Mr. J. W. Birch first took up the post of
British Resident in Perak, the State was divided practically into two parts---
Larut, the place of tin mines and Chinese, and the valley of the Perak River
where, for ages, the Malay had lived unvisited by any step, and uncontrolled by
any voice from the outside world. Here, debt- slavery with all its attendant
horrors was an ever- spreading sore ; here, too, a Chinese life was of no more
account than that of </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM | About Perak </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[10]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">a beast. Murders were unpunished,
robbery unnoticed, whole villages defied the authority of their own Rajas, and
the will of the strongest was the law of the land. It was specially with this
portion of the State that the first Resident concerned himself, and here he met
with many unpleasant experiences. Visiting one village, the inhabitants
threatened to shoot him if he landed ; at others, the sale of every kind of
food was declined not only to the Resident but also to all his party. Guides
and means of transport could never be found, distances and difficulties were
enormously exaggerated, and everything was done to keep him in the dark and
misrepresent the state of affairs, the position of places, the resources of the
country, and the real views and intentions of its people. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In Larut, the
Assistant Resideut, Captain Speedy, had a much easier task. A commission had
disposed of the Chinese difficulty and settled the boundaries of disputed
mining land. After months of fighting and privation, the Chinese were glad
enough to resume work, the mines were reopened, villages built, and at once a
new tide of prosperity, stronger than ever known before, flowed over the
Province of Larut. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">At the time of
these events, the revenue of what was then called " Perak Besar," i.
e. the Perak River Valley, was about $80,000 a year, every import, each cup or
saucer, the most insignificant article as well as such things as rice, salt,
tobacco, opium etc. being subject to duty. In Larut, there was no revenue at
all. As the result of the first year of the Residential system. Larut yielded a </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[11]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">revenue of $300,000, while Perak
gave its $80,000. Many of the most vexatious duties were soon abolished and, as
the revenue grew, a few European officers were appointed to assist Captain
Speedy in Larut. But, in Perak, the Resident was alone, except for a guard of
about 80 Indians, who gave him a good deal of trouble and proved unreliable
when asked to justify their existence. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In those ten
months during which the Resident lived in a boat, travelling about the State
and collecting materials to enable him to introduce measures for the better
government of the country, it was impossible for him to actually organize any
administrative reform. He had no material power to enforce an order, and, as
there were still two Sultans, each exercising a certain amount of authority in
different parts of the State and each utterly opposed to the other, any
concerted action was impossible. The position, to a man of energy and capacity,
was well nigh untenable. More might have been done had Sultan Abdullah loyally
supported the Officer sent to him by his own request, but he was too weak, too
shifty and untrustworthy, and too easily influenced by unscrupulous advisers,
who thought it their interest to thwart the Resident in every endeavour he made
to introduce order into bewildering chaos.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">A few sadly
oppressed individuals obtained some amelioration of their lot by the assistance
of the Resident, some crimes were prevented perhaps, some "squeezes"
were put a stop to, but Mr. Birch's main achievement was the extraordinary
amount of information he collected, and the able measures he framed to lay the
foundations of a righteous government. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[12]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is difficult
to speak of Perak alone in describing the gradual evolution of that system of
administration which now obtains throughout the Malay States; for, though the
circumstances of none of the other four States, now under British protection,
were similar to those I have described, yet, in the advancement that has taken
place in the past twenty years, each has learnt something from the other, and
to no State alone belongs the credit for all that it can boast of achievement
to-day. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is certain
that the difficulties in Perak were exceptional. Our national pride would no
doubt say that, out of such unpromising material, no other nationality would
with a few men have carved so creditable a monument. There is Egypt, true, but
even Egypt, a magnificent testimony to British capacity for governing, was a
different place from a roadless Malay jungle, inhabited by a people of whose
eccentricities almost everything had to be learnt. What has been done in Egypt
is like the result obtained by a brilliant financier who had udertaken what
appeared to be a hopelessly bankrupt business, and proves what business
management can do. In the Malay States, something that did not exist has been
called into being under trying climatic circumstances ; where everything had to
be learnt, where there was no experience of any similar experiment to guide,
and where the success gained, though practically unknown in the west, is not a
little remarkable. </span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-79987994289727093262013-08-01T22:20:00.005+08:002013-08-02T23:55:31.414+08:00CHAPTER I - GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL | About Perak<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[1]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>" The truth, God only knows.” Yaami.</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">TWENTY years
ago, it is probable there were not half a dozen Europeans who knew where Perak
was or anything at all about it. In those years, however, the Straits Branch of
the Royal Asiatic Society has published several maps of the Malay Peninsula,
and on those maps Perak occupies a position that, if not immovable, is pretty
generally North of Singapore, Malacca, and Selangor, and South of Siam, Kedah,
and Province Wellesley. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">That is a
sufficiently precise description for people in the Straits, without going into
degrees of latitude and longitude; but, to enquirers west of Suez, it is safer
to say, that, between India and China, there are two seas joined by a narrow
stretch of water called the Straits of Malacca, and on the mainland which
borders the northern side of those Straits is Perak. That you will find is a
definition in all respects sufficient to satisfy geographical entnusiasm or any
further interest in Perak. That is, generally speaking, --- there possibly will
be exceptions but it is well to remember that to be </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">GEOGRAPHICAL AND
HISTORICAL | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[2]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">encyclopaedic in giving
information is inevitably to become a bore. Speaking of Perak, it will not help
the enquirer to tell him it is near Penang, because Penang is not so well known
as Perak, except to a few people of sixty years old and upwards. Early in the
seventies, Sir Arthur Birch re-discovered Penang and made it known to his
friends, but his interest in the Island was but fleeting, and it takes a good
deal to make a lasting impression on the minds of the English people. Since
that time there has been a little war in Perak, but nothing of special
importance has taken place in Penang. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Do not either
pin your faith on the magic of the Colony's name. Some years ago I was riding
to a meet of hounds in the North of England, and was joined on the road by a
man of years, a hard rider and good judge of horses. and this is what passed :
-</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" Let me
see, you have to do with some Colony have you not." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">“ Yes. the
Straits Settlements." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" That is
Canada is it not ?" </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" No, it is
not Canada." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" I thought
Straits Settlements was another name for Canada, surely that is so ? "</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" No."
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" Do you
use horses ? " </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">"
Yes." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" What do
they eat ? " </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">"
Grass." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">GEOGRAPHICAL AND
HIST0RICAL | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[3]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" Have you
no hay ? " </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" No."
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" Well,
have you any silos there, because I am interested in silos ? " </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" No,
none.'' </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" Could I
do anything in the way of introducing silos ? " </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" I fear
not." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">" Ah ! then
I'm not interested in the place," and my friend quickened his pace and
left me. He is a wealthy man and a great authority --- on silos, </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">This little
incident is typical, but it is British not to know, and also British not to
wish to know. Perhaps it is as well ; too many questions are often trying. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Once upon a
time, before the Malays were converted to the Faith of Islam, Perak was called
Kastan Zorian, that was several hundred years ago (in 1276 to be precise) ; and
it "has had nineteen Muhammadan Sultans since, of whom the last is His
Highness Sultan Idris Mershedil Aathim Shah, K.C.M.G., a highlv educated,
kindly, and polished gentleman, who has travelled in Europe and profited by
what he has seen. Duing the longer and shorter reigns of his predecessors there
is little to chronicle until 1826, when the Honourable East India Company made
a Treaty with Siam,by which that kingdom promised to cease from harassing the
State of Perak. In the same year, the Company (then established) in the Straits
of </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">GEOGRAPHICAL AND
HISTORICAL | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[4]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Malacca made a Treaty with the
Sultan of Perak by which the Islands of Pangkor and the Dindings (on the coast
of Perak) were ceded to the Company, in order that the latter might be able to
protect vessels passing through the Straits of Malacca from the pirates who
infested the coasts of Perak and the other Malay States. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1867, the
Indian Government, which by this time, represented the old Company, gave up its
Straits Possessions, and the then Presidency became the Colony of the Straits
Settlements. Prior and subsequent to this date, nearly all the western States
of the Peninsula had been the scene of severe intestine struggles and these
culminated, in Perak, in a fierce faction fight between rival tribes of Chinese
who had been attracted to the State, or rather to one of its Provinces. Larut,
by the wealth of its tin deposits. Three thousand persons are said to have been
killed on the first day of the struggle. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> The Malay authority was too weak to deal with
the Chinese, the state of internal affairs was complicated by rival claims to
the Sultanship, and meanwhile the necessities of the combatants drove them to
seek supplies in the Straits of Malacca, where almost daily acts of piracy
threatened to destroy the carrying trade in native craft. Even steamers were
attacked, the boats of H. M.'s ships were fired on, isolated British Police
Stations attacked, and finally the Penang house of the Chief of the Province of
Larut was blown up. The reiterated determination of H. M.'s Government not to
interfere in the affairs of the Malay States broke down under these somewhat
trying circumstances, and with these events there was suffered to lapse the
celebrated warning to the Straits merchants that ;– if </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">GEOGRAPHICAL AND
HISTORICAL | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[5]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">persons, knowing the risks they
ran, owing to the disturbed state of these countries, choose to hazard their
lives and properties for the sake of the large profits which accompany
successful trading, they must not expect the British Government to be answerable
if their speculation proves unsuccessful." </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The story of
British interference in Perak, and subsequently in the other Malay States, is
one of more than passing interest and has yet to be written, but here it
insufficient to say that while the circumstances alone made that interference
the duty of the paramount power, Raja Abdullah, who was believed to be the
rightful claimant to the throne of Perak, besought the assistance of the
Governor of the Straits to introduce order into Perak, to control the Chinese,
and to send him an experienced Officer to aid him in properly administering the
Government of the Country </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">All these
requests were complied with by Governor Sir Andrew Clarke, R. E., who, by the
Perak Engagement of January, 20th 1874, acknowledged Abdullah as Sultan of
Perak. That Treaty also provided for the appointment of a British Resident and
determined the nature of the authority he should exercise ; it settled two
boundary questions between the Colony and Perak and secured peace between the contending
factions of Chinese. To those who knew the Straits of Malacca in 1872-73, or
who choose to look up the old files of the local journals, it will probably
seem a notable achievement that no piracy has ever taken place in these waters
since the British Government abandoned the policy of inaction for the policy of
protection. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Matters did not
progress smoothly in Perak after the Pangkor </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">GEOGRAPHICAL AND
HIST0RICAL | About Perak</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[6]</span></span></div>
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Engagement. Mistakes were made,
there was regrettable delay in the sending of a Resident to Perak and the
difficulties of the problem were not understood, as indeed it was hardly likely
they would be. </span></span></div>
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Colonial
Secretary of the Colony, Mr. J. W. W. Birch, was appointed Resident of Perak,
with Captain Speedy as his assistant in Larut, and a small body of
undisciplined Sikhs was distributed between them as a guard. </span></span></div>
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the ten
months that Mr. Birch performed the duties of British Resident in Perak, he saw
so much of the country and the people and took up so many important questions
that his successors have always been filled with admiration for his fearless
energy and ability. Of his kindness to the Malays there are still many who will
speak, and his assassination at Paser Sala [Pasir Salak] on the 2nd November, 1875, was a
political murder in which there was no semblance of personal feeling. The loss
of his valued life was an infinite gain to Perak, for the considerable Military
expedition which followed, and the subsequent short occupation of the State by
British Troops did more to secure permanent tranquillity than ten or fifteen
years of " advice " by a
British Resident could have done without it. </span></span></div>
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The expedition
was entirely successful and the work was done quickly and thoroughly ; as might
be expected, with General Sir F. Colborne and Brigadier General J. Ross in
command of the Troops. Captains Buller and Stirling with the Naval Brigade and
Colonel Dunlop, R.A., as Civil Commissioner with the Forces, Moreover, and </span></span></div>
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">GEOGRAPHICAL AND
HISTORICAL | About Perak</span></span></div>
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[7]</span></span></div>
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">this does not always happen in
the east, every man concerned directly and most of those concerned indirectly
in the murder of the Resident was either arrested and punished, killed, or died
in the jungle. The entire cost of this expedition was recovered from Perak. </span></span></div>
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">A Commission
consisting of Mr. (now Sir G.) Philippo and the late Mr. C. B. Plunket
collected evidence concerning the complicity of Sultan Abdullah, Ex-Sultan
Ismail and other chiefs, and these were all banished from the State, the Raja
Muda Jusuf succeeding first as Regent and later as Sultan of Perak. </span></span></div>
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">With this brief
record of events ends the first chapter in the history of British Protection,
and it will be interesting to examine a little more carefully the means by
which, from such an apparently unfavourable beginning, the Residential seedling
has developed into the flourishing plant of to-day. </span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-12339292774421862632012-04-06T11:51:00.000+08:002012-04-06T17:40:39.561+08:00Appendix C - THE PERAK DYNASTY.<br />
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Sultan Muzaffar I of Perak was the son of Sultan Mahmud, the
Ruler driven from Malacca by the Portuguese in 1511 (p. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i>). He married Tun Trang, daughter of his step-mother Tun
Fatimah, a lady of the Bendahara family of Malacca. They had a son Raja Mansur
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Melayu</i> p. 228), who became
second Sultan of Perak. Either he or his father had sixteen children, of whom
three were sons: Raffles' copy of the " Malay Annals " makes them
children of Muzaffar, the Perak account children of Mansur. Perhaps the "
Annals" are right. For they give the name of Muzaffar's second son as Raja
Ahmad, and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bustanu's-Salatin</i>
(Niemann's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bloemlezing,</i> Hague 1907,
vol. II p. 123) gives this name to the father of the next de jure Perak ruler who
was carried captive to Acheh and became Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din of that country on
30 March 1577. The tree will then run: — </div>
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One MS. (Maxwell 44) whose account,
it must be admitted, is confused, makes the third ruler of Perak a Sultan
'Abdu'l-Jalil, and adds that on his death his younger sister, a Raja Kamariah,
married her cousin from Johor, who became Sultan Taju'l-'Arifin. </div>
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A Perak story (Maxwell MS. 105; JRASSB. 1882, IX, pp. 95,
108), which is our only authority for the first Achinese invasion continues:—"
After the death of Sultan Mansur Shah, Perak was conquered by Acheh and the
widow of Sultan Mansur Shah and her sixteen children went captives to Acheh.
Her eldest son was taken by 'Abdu'l-Khana for her husband and became Sultan </div>
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125 </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 126 A History of Perak.</b><br />
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('Ala’u’d-din or Mansur) of Acheh.
During his reign he sent his next younger brother to rule Perak with his
capital at Julang, which owing to floods was abandoned for Geronggong. Sultan
'Ala'u'd-din of Acheh is said to have twice visited Perak to organize its
government: on the second occasion he was murdered by his captains at the mouth
of the river at Acheh and became known as Sri Pada mangkat di-Kuala. </div>
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The name of the younger brother of this Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din,
who was made by him third ruler of Perak is unknown: it is mere guess-work to
call him Ahmad Taju'd-din (JRASSB. 1907, No. XLVTII, p. 98). All we know is
that he was termed Marhum Muda and left a son Raja Kechil. </div>
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He was succeeded by his younger brother, Marhum Muda Mangkat
di-Tebing, " The Younger who died on the River-Bank," whom tradition
without authority calls Sultan Taju'l-Arifin (ib.). </div>
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This ruler was succeeded by the son of Raja Kechil, who
became known as Marhum Mangkat di-darat, " He who died inland ":
tradition says his name was 'Ali and his title 'Ala'u'd-din Shah. </div>
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A sister of Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din of Acheh bore two sons in
Perak, Tengku Tua and Raja Bongsu. Tengku Tua became sixth Sultan and tradition
calls him Mukadam Shah. During this reign— perhaps about 1619 when he invaded
Kedah—the redoubtable Mahkota 'Alam of Acheh carried captive to Acheh all the
Perak royal family except Raja Mansur (younger brother if the
Sultan-who-died-inland) who escaped to Johor (where he married Raja Empuan
Jambi) and was fetched thence by Dato' Sri Nara 'diraja to be installed Sultan
of Perak at Semat. Acheh thereupon seized and took him to Acheh and (at the
request of the Maharaja Lela) installed the younger brother of Mukadam Shah,
Raja Bongsu (Yusuf ib.) in his stead with the title Sultan Mahmud Shah,
afterwards called " He who died in the low land.'' His son, Raja Kobat
(ib.), succeeded and was known as Sultan Salahu'd-din or Marhum Pulau Tiga: he,
too, died a captive at Acheh. With him the Perak line on the male side died
out: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">apabila dia rnati, putus keturunan,
tiada-lah raja lagi di-Perak</i> (Maxwell MS. 24). </div>
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But among the captives at Acheh was a Raja Sulong son of
Raja Mahmud son of Marhum Kasab of Siak: Maxwell MS. 24 interpolates Raja
Brahim between Raja Mahmud and Marhum Kasab and states that the line descended
from Nila Pahlawan. Sultan Mansur Shah of Malacca had conquered Siak, its ruler
Maharaja Permaisura of the Minangkabau line of Pagar Ruyong being killed and
his son Megat Kudu being installed as Sultan Ibrahim of Siak and given Maharaja
Dewi a daughter of his </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Perak Dynasty. Page 127</b></div>
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suzerain to wife (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Melayu</i> pp. 121-2) by whom he was
the father of Raja 'Abdullah, styled Sultan Khoja Ahmad Shah. This Sultan of
Siak married a daughter of Sultan Mahmud of Malacca and by her had two sons,
Raja Jamal and Raja Biajit (JRASSB. 1925, p. 14). But who was Marhum Kasab? The
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Melayu </i>(p. 263) record that
Sultan Ali Jalla 'Abdu'l-Jalil Shah of Johor (rd. 1580-1597) made one of his
sons, Hasan, Raja of Siak, which leads one to suppose that Raja Sulong was of
the royal house of Johor. Writing to Governor-General Antonie van Diemen on 12
December 1637 Cornelis Simonsz. van der Veer confuses him with his wife (p. 21
supra)—" the newly appointed king of Perak is nephew of the king of Acheh,
whose forebear was king of Pahang." For while Raja Sulong was a captive at
Acheh, Sultan Mughal or Iskandar II (b. 1611 d. 1641) of Acheh (son of Sultan
Ahmad Shah of Pahang) found him a princess for bride, whose father had been
Marhum Muda of Pahang and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">her mother
grand-daughter of the second Sultan of Perak, Mansur Shah, and great-grand-daughter
of the first</i>. The Achinese sent this couple to Perak and installed Raja
Sulong as Muzaffar Shah II. He was a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rot
faineant</i>, at any rate so short of arm that his consort gave him a
slave-girl, Che Perbu, to perform his ablutions—by her he had four children,
ancestors of the Rajas at Slat Pulau. He died at Geronggong. The " Malay
Annals " (p. 164) gives the following pedigree of his maternal descent:—</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 128 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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A treaty made between the Dutch and Perak on 7 December 1655
refers to a treaty made by the late Sultan Muda Forca (== Muzaffar) on 15
December 1653, so that Muzaffar Shah II must have died in 1654 or 1655 (Bij.
T.L. Vk. Ron. Inst, van N.I., Deel LVII, 1907). Who succeeded him? All Perak
accounts say it was his son, Sultan Mahmud—Marhum Besar Aulia'llah—whose mother
was grand-daughter of the second and great-grand-daughter of the first Sultan
of Perak. But was there a queen regent while he was an infant? The treaty made
between the Dutch and Perak on 7 December 1655 refers in its preamble to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sultana Amina Todijn and the young king Muda
Forca</i>, which last must be a mistake for the son of Muzaffar II. One account
relates that the royal consort of Raja Sulong died while her children were
young, so that we cannot say who this Sultanah was. Maxwell MS. 24 says that
Mahmud was installed as an infant by the Sultanah of Acheh who gave him a creese and that when
the royal drums (naubat) sounded he was dandled by his aunt, who was possibly
regent and styled Sultanah. Or was Amina Todijn Sultanah of Acheh? </div>
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The " Malay Annals" (p. 168) wrongly suggest that
the ruler after Sultan Mahmud was his brother Mansur, " who is now Raja of
Perak": actually Mansur died at Pulau Tiga as Sultan (or Yang di-pertuan)
Muda, presumably predeceasing his elder brother and never ascending the throne,
though three of his sons became Sultans in turn. The second son Muzaffar fought
the eldest 'Ala'u'd-din for the throne, the former probably backed by the
Laksamana and the Bugis from Bernam and the latter by Raja Kechil's Minangkabau
adherents in Kedah and by Bendahara Megat Iskandar, whose pretensions
were hateful to the Lower Perak chiefs and who after the royal brothers had
made peace disappeared and was succeeded as Bendahara by Megat Terawis, who in
turn was succeeded by Sri Dewa Raja (Maxwell MS. 24). </div>
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The next four rulers of Perak were
brothers: the eldest died a young man about 1728 and the youngest, Sultan
Ahmadin, died very old in 1806. On his death the domestic troubles, which
always beset the Perak throne in the absence of a foreign foe, started once
more. For three months the body of the Sultan Ahmadin was kept at Sayong on the
way to burial at Brahmana Indra. The deceased's nephew, Bendahara Mahmud,
grandson of Sultan Mahmud who died about 1773, would not come to the funeral.
Finally the Raja Muda buried the dead ruler and ascended the throne as Sultan
'Abdu'l-Malik Mansur Shah. The new Sultan ruled from Pasir Garam, but up-river
Bendahara Mahmud held sway. The new Sultan's daughter, Che' Puan Busu, married
a Raja Ahmad and bore him a son afterwards Sultan Ngah Ja'far. Who was this
Raja Ahmad? Maxwell MS. 103 in the Library of the Royal Asiatic Society
(translated in JRASSB. 1884, XIII p. 313) nowhere gives his pedigree, calls him
incidentally "son </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Perak Dynasty. Page 129</b></div>
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of the reigning Sultan " (a
term often covering " son-in-law") and makes a mistake over the name
and family of his wife. A Perak MS. collected by myself and now in the Library
of the School of Oriental Studies speaks of him as the son of a Raja Said.
Another Perak pedigree admits that Che' Puan Busu married this Raja Ahmad but
wrongly makes Sultan Ngah Ja'far the son of his uncle! Maxwell MS. 44 mentions
him once in a hopelessly corrupt passage and elsewhere calls him merely the
father of Sultan Ja'far. Maxwell MS. 24 records how " at that time Perak
was split into two at Denai Blanja on the left bank of the Perak river and at
Chondrong Kandis on the right. Upstream the Bendahara Raja Mahmud ruled from
Sayong. Downstream Sultan 'Abdul-Malik Mansur Shah ruled at Pasir Garam: his
children were Raja Muda 'Abdullah, Raja Aminah (wife of Raja Ngah Laut) and
Che' Puan Busu. Now Raja Ahmad, who had the title of Raja Kechil Tengah,
married Che' Long, who had the title of Raja Che' Puan Bongsu (or Busu) and she
bore him three children, a girl Raja Che' Puan Muda. . and sons Raja Ngah
Ja'far and Raja Alang Iskandar." This passage implies that a Raja Ahmad
married a daughter of Sultan 'Abdul-Malik Mansur Shah and begat the future
Sultan Ngah Ja'far who as Raja Muda lived at Pengkalan Pegoh, Kinta, and as
Sultan at Pasir Panjang Iridra Mulia. A pedigree collected in Perak
corroborates this and describes Raja Ahmad as a raja from Daik: moreover Sultan
Idris himself used to declare that he was descended from a Raja of Daik, that
is the old Lingga, capital of the Riau-Lingga Empire. Perak tradition says that
Raja Ahmad was invited to Perak by Sultan 'Abdul-Malik Mansur Shah as a famous
warrior, perhaps to fight Kedah, perhaps to resist Bendahara Mahmud. Not only
did he marry the Sultan's daughter but he got his brother-in-law made the next
Sultan and his own son made Bendahara. Finally according to the evidence of
Laksamana Muhammad Amin at the signing of the Pangkor treaty, Raja Ahmad was made
Sultan Muda. If Raja Ahmad came from Daik, then like the present rulers of
Johor and Pahang he was descended from the Bendaharas of Malacca. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Again. In the next reign internecine troubles broke out, the
Siamese having bribed some of the royal family to take their side, so that in
1926 Captain Low went from Penang and presided at the installation of fresh
Raja chiefs. </div>
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Even after the English had freed Perak of danger from Siam
and Selangor, the Perak royal house was divided against itself. In 1832 Raja
Muda reported to the Governor of the Straits Settlements a conspiracy by the
Bendahara against the new Sultan Shahabu'd-din. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 130 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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Yet again in 1853 the next ruler, Sultan 'Abdu'llah Muhammad
Shah, had to leave his palace and a pretender described himself as Sultan
Safi-u'd-din Mu'azzam Shah, but the British seem to have quashed the rebellion
(p. 76). </div>
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When this Sultan 'Abdu'llah died, Sultan Ja'far was elected
his successor though not present at the obsequies. And his successor Ali was
away in Larut for four months after the death of Ja'far (JRASSB. 1880, VI p.
165). Yet in the absenc of civil disturbance the heir presumptive must attend
the Sultan's funeral. </div>
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Finally in 1872 there came the famous struggle between
Sultan Ismail and the Raja Muda 'Abdu'llah. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Perak Dynasty 03</td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A History of Perak</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 131</b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Perak DYNASTY 04</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Perak Dynasty 05</td></tr>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Perak, Malaysia4.807294 100.80000513.7946925 99.5365776 5.8198954999999994 102.06343260000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-24203457862422152102012-04-02T21:45:00.000+08:002012-04-02T21:45:28.135+08:00Appendix B - A PERAK DYNASTIC LEGEND.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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There are two well-known accounts of the coming of the
present Malay dynasty to Perak, one apochryphal, one (pp. 7, 8, 9) well
authenticated.</div>
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The apochryphal version (JRASSB. 1882, No. 9, p. 89) relates
how, when " Baginda Dai," later referred to as Sultan Mahmud, "
reigned at Johor Lama," he despatched one Nakhoda Kasim<sup>1 </sup>to
look for a place suitable for settlement. Reaching Bruas Nakhoda Kasim heard of
the Perak river and travelling as a huckster of salt and tobacco came to Temong
in Upper Perak. While her father was selling produce to Nakhoda Kasim, a
Negrito girl paring sugarcane cut her finger. The blood that gushed out was
white. Nakhoda Kasim married her. Soon after their marriage there came a great
flood and in the foam of her bathing-place the Nakhoda's wife found a girl,
whom the couple adopted and called Tan Puteh alias 'teh Purba alias Dato'
Temong.<sup>2</sup> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Now one day Negritos, hunting at Mousedeer Hill (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bukit Pelandok</i>) near the river Plus,
found a thick-jointed bamboo containing a male infant. In due course this
infant, To' Changkat Pelandok, married Tan Puteh but the marriage was never
consummated. When To' Changkat Pelandok died, he left Tan Puteh mistress of
Perak and bade her seek a Raja from the family of his master Sultan Mahmud of
Johor (sic). Her minister, Tan Saban of Tanah Merah, got a prince complete with
regalia from Johor. Leaning over the boat's side to look at fish (or else in a
great storm when he threw it to the gods of the sea), this prince lost his
crown at Slat Lembayan on the Perak river, so that the rulers of Perak have no
crown to this day. Near Kota Stia the prince was met by Tan Puteh and Tan Saban
and escorted to Kota Lumut, where he married a daughter of Tan Saban and was
installed as Sultan Ahmad Taju'd-din. After a short reign, during which he
organised a political constitution, he died leaving a son about two years old. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Sultan Malik Shah, nephew of the deceased ruler, hastened
from Siak to his uncle's place at Tanah Abang (or Red Earth) and broke the neck
of the young heir. The chiefs accepted the usurper, all except the grandfather
of the murdered boy, Tan Saban, who fought Malik Shah for three years. One day
at Kota Lama Tan Saban's leg was grazed by a magic bullet from the matchlock of
Megat Terawis, a Minangkabau adventurer in the Sultan's forces. The bullet bore
the terrifying inscription: " This is Megat Terawis, </div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> A variant MS. calls him Nakhoda Ragam from Siak. His
grave is at Teluk Perang.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sup>2 </sup>To
this day her descendants cherish her grave with its stone nisan at Kuala
Temong.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A Perak Dynastic Legend. Page 123</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
son of a concubine of the Raja of
Pagar Ruyong: wherever it falls, he will become a chief." Knowing that he
must now die, Tan Saban left his daughter and his property to Megat Terawis.
Tan Saban died and Megat Terawis became a chief—one account says he became
Bendahara. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Not long after this Sultan Malik Shah went upriver to fix
the boundary between Perak and Patani. On the mountain Titi Wangsa he found a
wild cotton-tree with white flowers on the Perak side and red on the Patani
side, and at the foot of the mountain was a great rock in the river. With his
sword the Sultan cleft the rock so that the water ran on one side to Perak and
on the other to Patani. So he fixed the boundary. On his return Malik Shah
halted at Chegar Galah where a small stream ran white into the Perak river.
Sent to examine its whiteness Megat Terawis found an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aruan</i> fish with large white breasts suckling her young! So the
Sultan called the country Perak which means Silver! </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
It is needless to criticize the mythical elements in this
story. The tale of a Bamboo Princess occurs also in the Malay version of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ramayana</i>, and in the Kedah and Achinese
Annals: the Rajas of Raman may not eat bamboo-shoots because their ancestor
came out of the bamboo and the " Malay Annals " tell of a Champa
prince born from an areca-palm spathe (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Malay
Reader</i>— Winstedt and Blagden, Oxford 1917, p. 182). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The story of the Negrito girl is a compromise between the
matrilineal predilections of Malay jurists and the aristocrat preferences of
the Perak court, which drew the line at negrito blood in the veins of the royal
family. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
There are many historical inaccuracies in the legend. No
Baginda Dai' ever reigned at Johor Lama: Daik on the island of Lingga was the
capital of the Johor family in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries! Sultan
Mahmud of Daik died in 1812 A.D.! Royal houses are conservative and no ruler of
Malacca or Johor ever used the title Taju'd-din, " Ornament of the
Faith." It has been the title of no authentic ruler of Perak though it was
that of a Kedah Sultan, Ahmad Taju'd-din, who conquered and ruled Perak from
1818 until 1822, when Selangor restored the rightful Perak Sultan, Malik
(Mansur) Shah (Anderson's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Considerations</i>,
p. 188). Terawis too is a Kedah dialect form of Terawih. Certainly no member of
the Megat family had usurped the office of Bendahara in the XVIth century, when
the early Sultans of Perak reigned: working on the generations of the Megat
family tree, Wilkinson computed that they were Bendaharas of Perak from 1670 to
1770 A.D. Nor again, as we shall see, does Tan Saban enter into the authentic
story of the first Sultan of Perak. How should he? The pedigree of the Sri
Adika Raja family has des-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 124<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A History of Perak.</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
cendants from Tan Saban in the
fourth generation who flourished as late as 1780 and 1800 A.D.! The authentic
founder of the Perak dynasty created a Tun Mahmud, son of Tun Isap Berakah his
first Bendahara, and when the " Malay Annals " were composed at the
beginning of the XVIIth century the Bendahara of Perak (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Melayu</i> p. 227) was a Tun Mai who had married a cousin of
the wife of Tun Sri Lanang (fl. 1580-1615), author of the " Malay
Annals." </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
It looks as if the names of Sultan Ahmad Taju'd-din and
Sultan Malik Shah must belong not to the sixteenth but to the nineteenth
century. Has uncritical tradition jumbled the Kedah invasion of 1818 with the
Kedah meddling in the reign of the eighteenth century Sultan Muzaffar Shah, who
made a Kedah raja his first Bendahara and Megats his Orang Kaya Besar and his
Temenggong? It looks as if uncritical history has been imposed upon uncritical
legend.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Perak, Malaysia4.807294 100.80000513.7946925 99.5365776 5.8198954999999994 102.06343260000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-57838489290498935282012-03-31T13:58:00.000+08:002012-03-31T13:58:59.978+08:00Appendix A - PERAK VERSIONS OF THE MALACCA DYNASTIC LEGEND.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Once there was a prince Fatihu'1-Arzi, great-grandson of
Alexander the Great. He set out to conquer China but the minister of the
Emperor of China filled a junk with eighty old men of eighty and a cargo of
needles and he planted fruit-trees on the decks and set out to meet the fleet
of Fatihu'1-Arzi. When the invading fleet met this junk, Fatihu'l-Arzi's men
hailed her and asked whence she came. " From China, years ago,"
replied the minister. " The crew were boys when we left China and these
needles were iron bars: moreover these trees have grown on deck from the seeds
of fruit we ate as boys." So instead of the interminable voyage to China
Fatihu'1-Arzi determined to visit the depths of the sea. He was let down in a
glass chest and he came to a town called Bahrain ruled by a Muslim genie, Raja
Suran, and he married Princess Chahaya Khairani, daughter of Raja Suran, and
begat two sons, Raja Kilan and Raja Chulan and then returned to the earth. When
Raja Kilan and Raja Chulan had grown up, they set out to find their father and
they came to a rice-clearing in the land of Minangkabau where they were greeted
and entertained by the owners, Dang Pok and Dang Malini. Raja Kilan returned to
his mother but Raja Chulan married the daughter of Demang Lebar Daun, chief of
that country, and begat a son. And at the time of that son's birth, a bull
belonging to Demang Lebar Daun vomited and out of the vomit came a child with
the manuscript of the Perak coronation address in his hand. And when the child
of the Bull's vomit grew up, Demang Lebar Daun said unto him, " Thine is
the family which shall instal Malay kings: else is their installation invalid.
But before one of thy family instal a king, he shall receive the title Sri Nara
'diraja. Then shall he give his ruler a title and whisper the state secret in
his ear and read the coronation address. After that he shall light the royal
candle and ask for how many tunes by the royal band his ruler can sit immobile
on the throne." </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
On an auspicious day Demang Lebar Daun took his grandson and
the child of the Bull's vomit to the top of Mount Si-Guntang and gave his
grandson a silver bow and a silver arrow, saying, " Shoot, and where the
arrow falls thou shalt be king. Call the country Perak, that is, Silver."
And the arrow flew for seven days and seven nights and fell at Pulau Indra
Sakti, opposite Bandar in Lower Perak. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
This version of the story then continues as in the legend
collected by Sir William Maxwell (vide pp. 122-3). Generally the above version
calls the grandson of Demang Lebar Daun </div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
119</div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 120 A History of Perak.</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
Sultan Ahmad Taju'd-din, rightly
associating the story of the silver arrow, which is borrowed from the Kedah
story Marong Mahawangsa, with what we shall find to be a king of Kedah.
Elsewhere, inconsistently, it calls him Muzaffar Shah, father of Mansur Shah,
and has him installed by Sri Nara 'diraja and Amar 'diraja; it adds that it was
Sultan Mansur Shah who divided the Perak chiefs into the Four, the Eight, the
Sixteen and the Thirty-Two. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
There is another variant of the story. Once four princes
came out of the sea, sons of a Raja Chulan and of Princess Darustan, daughter
of King Fatihu'1-Arzi. They were descendants of Alexander the Great. Their
names were Nila Utama, Nila Pandita, Nila Pendaga and Nila Kechil Bongsu. The
first became Emperor of Byzantium and China, the second Sultan of Singapore and
Malacca, the third Sultan of Perak. In this wanderings Raja Kechil Bongsu gave
Singapore its name of Lion-City because of a lion he saw on the shore. In the Singapore
straits the jealous god of the sea raised such a tempest that the prince had to
throw away his crown and change his name (to Muzaffar Shah) in order to avoid
shipwreck. So the Sultans of Perak have no crown and in the little strait of
Lembayan the fish rise to the surface, dazzled by the splendour of its jewels.
Muzaffar Shah reached the Perak river. Over the Shoal of the Wet Rice (Beting
Bras Basah) a great serpent stretched its coils from bank to bank. Then said
the prince's saintly counsellor, Demang Lebar Daun, " Among your heirlooms
is the blade of King Fatihu'1-Arzi, the magic sword chura simanjakini, once
owned by the king of the sea. Take it and slay the serpent'' So Muzaffar Shah
took the sword and, his thoughts fixed on his ancestors, slew the serpent at
one blow. Howbeit the magic sword was dented as men may see to this day. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
These legends are Perak variants of the stories told in the
" Malay Annals " of the founders of the Palembang and Singapore
dynasties. Even there they are folk-lore (JRASMB., 1926, vol. IV pp. 413-419).
Nila Uttama, for instance, is Tilottama, an Apsara or nymph of Indra's heaven!
The serpent of the Shoal of the Wet Rice is an avatar of Sakti-Muna whom Sang
Sapurba (another Apsara!) slew with the sword Chemundang Giri (Hewer of
Mountains) or Chura Semandang-kini, notching his sword in 190 places but
gaining the throne of Minangkabau. Both are avatars of the demon of Ujjain,
capital of Malwa in western India, which was slain by Vikramaditya, grandson of
Indra (ib.). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The names Raja Suran and Raja Chulan may refer to the Chula
kings who were at enmity with Srivijaya and raided Bruas in the XIth century
A.D. The country Bahrain stands for Bruas, whose history the purely romantic
tale called Hikayat Shamsu'l-Bahrain (JRASSB. No. 47) is supposed in Perak to
record!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Perak Versions of the Malacca Dynastic Legend. Page 121</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The Kedah story of the silver arrow comes from a
Perso-Arabic source. Elisha bade Joash king of Israel shoot an arrow eastward
out of the window " the arrow of the Lord's deliverance from Syria "
(2 Kings, Chapter 13, verses 14-17). The shooting of an arrow to determine a
site was practised by the Persians both in Sassanian and Muslim times and was
also done by Arabs. (JRASSB., 1920, LXXXII p. 137).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Perak, Malaysia4.807294 100.80000513.7946925 99.5365776 5.8198954999999994 102.06343260000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-80968453038901681722012-03-31T13:11:00.000+08:002012-03-31T13:14:55.602+08:00Chapter X - PROTECTION.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
After the murder of Mr. Birch there was a hubbub. The
Maharaja Lela came from his house down to the river and ordered his followers
to fire on the deceased's boats and kill all the sepoys and boatmen. He then
divided the Resident's belongings between the murderers. There was no more than
$50 in cash, so that Seputum the man who slashed at Mr. Birch with a sword, got
only a creese belonging to his victim instead of the $30 he had been promised;
and he went home with a head-ache and slept. Stockades were hastily thrown up
and there was feasting for two days. On the day after the murder some Bugis
recovered the body of the Resident and the Maharaja Lela took two rings off the
fingers, one a snake ring, and presented them to his wife. News of the
assassination was sent to 'Abdu'llah and to Isma'il at Blanja. On 4 November
Mr. (now Sir Frank) Swettenham coming from Kuala Kangsar called at Blanja,
heard of the murder, refused to be enticed to spend the night ashore and though
chased contrived to reach the Residency safe and undetected. 'Abdu'llah had
hurried there already with a fleet of armed boats, offering assistance: he had
vetoed an attack on the Residency by the Maharaja Lela's men, as he was on the
spot and wished not to appear involved in the business: Mr. Swettenham
distrustful told him that his assistance was not required. On 5 November
Lieutenant Abbot and his fifty sepoys were reinforced by sixty men of the
1-10th regiment under Captain Innes, acting Commissioner of Perak, and by some
police. Two days later they burnt Bandar Tua, a sight that made the Maharaja
Lela weep publicly for the probable fate of his own house, but Captain Innes
and two soldiers were killed and the attack on Pasir Salak was dropped.
'Abdullah was surprised and delighted." If a hundred thousand whites
come," he exclaimed, " the Maharaja Lela will kill them all." On
9 November the Governor arrived with 150 troops whereupon the Sultan, Laksamana
and Shahbandar met him with professions of loyalty. The Laksamana warned the
Malays that he would cut the tongue out of any one who revealed their
complicity with the Maharaja Lela. The Maharaja Lela was persuaded to flee
upriver to Isma'il but To' Sagor refused to budge, saying that he had no food
and would be eaten by mosquitos and hunted down by Sayid Masshor, as in fact he
was a few months later, though ostensibly he was brought in by Sultan
'Abdu'llah! On 15 November Pasir Salak was captured. Across the river the Dato'
Sagor, terribly afraid, trembled in his stockade. The country was occupied by
British troops and a guerilla campaign ensued which has been described by Major
McNair and by Sir Frank Swettenham and vividly and amusingly by Sir George
Scott (of Burma fame but then a war correspondent) in a story called "
Needs explaining " in his book " Cursed Luck." As late as June
1876 the new </div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
115</div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A History of Perak. Page 116</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
Resident, James Guthrie Davidson,
suggested that he should settle in a stockade near Kota Lama with fifty or
sixty troops, though the Governor vetoed such action as an undignified
confession of failure. But oppressed by the Rajas, the bulk of the Malay
peasants had neither desire nor means to fight the English. All the murderers
were hunted down. The " common " fellow Seputum was brought in by
Sultan 'Abdu'llah and was the first to hang. Sultan Ismail, innocent of
breaking a treaty he had never signed, was removed for the good of his country
to Johor where he arrived on 27 March 1876<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">*</b>.
After trial before two Malay judges with two British assessors, the Maharaja
Lela (who surrendered in July 1876) and Dato' Sagor were hanged at Matang on 20
January 1877. By August 1876 the evidence against 'Abdu'llah was so strong that
he was summoned to Singapore for an enquiry not whether he was guilty of crime
but whether treachery had made it inexpedient to allow him to retain his
throne. In spite of the belated defence of a spurious royal seal used in his
name, the evidence was damning. In fact all but three or four of the Perak
chiefs were involved though clemency was extended to everybody except
'Abdu'llah, the Mantri, the Laksamana and the Shahbandar, all of whom on the
recommendation of the Governor and the Executive Council of the Straits
Settlements were banished to the Seychelles. The finding of the Executive
Council was fair: " It must be admitted that provocation was given to the
Sultan and his chiefs. The late Mr. Birch was a most zealous and conscientious
officer. He was, however, much thwarted from the outset, and there is reason to
believe that his manner may at times have been overbearing. It must also be
admitted in some instances he showed a want of respect for Malay custom. It was
also injudicious to interfere with local taxes before the general scale of
allowances had been fixed in lieu of them." A brave honourable though
indiscreet man, allotted an impossible task, but, as Sir Frank Swettenham has
written with scrupulous moderation, " by the action which his death made
necessary, the State of Perak gained in twelve months what ten years of '
advice ' could hardly have accomplished," debt-slavery was abolished and
the poor and oppressed, of whom James Wheeler Woodford Birch was ever the
friend and champion, came under a government before which all men are free and
all men are under the law equal. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The war hardly made administration easier. Davidson found
Perak bankrupt. Within the armed camps he was a nonentity beside the Generals;
outside the armed camps the whole people was sullenly hostile. He could not
afford to go on paying troops to overawe the country, yet their departure might
mean a return to anarchy. The troops could not stay indefinitely. In September
1876 it was proposed to replace them by a strong police force. </div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">* </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">He settled at Sekudai and there died on 4 September,
1889. </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Protection. Page 117</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
On 25 September Davidson
wrote:—" We are to have a police-force about 800 strong for Perak and
Larut to be composed partly of Sikhs and the greater part of Malays. The
Headquarters will be here (Kuala Kangsar) where the officer in charge will
reside. There will be an assistant and two European Inspectors in Larut, a
European Inspector or other officer in Kinta, and another Inspector at Bandar
Baharu. These are all the European officers proposed with the exception of one
at Kuala Kangsar to drill and take immediate charge of the men there." </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
But there was a difficulty. On 4 October Davidson wrote:—
" I believe it has been resolved to raise a police-force for Perak, but it
does not seem at all settled where the money is to come from, and this is the
slight difficulty that blocks the way." </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Davidson had every reason to be alarmed. Finance is the
foundation of all government. The need of revenue had forced Birch to take the
measures which had brought about the Perak war. The new Resident had to face
all the difficulties that had overwhelmed his predecessor and the further
difficulty created by the need of maintaining a strong force to overawe the
country. Not till January 1877 could he dispose with troops in Kinta. A month
later he resigned the service and retired from a very unpleasant position. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
He was succeeded by Mr.—afterwards Sir Hugh—Low, the real
author of the prosperity of Perak and incidentally of the other Malay States.
The policy of this great Resident is worthy of the most careful study even if
the policy adopted was sketched by a Governor whose advisers had learnt
wisdom—writers on Malaya have never given Sir Hugh the meed of honour that is
his due. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Low was confronted with all the revenue-difficulties of
Birch, with a heavy war debt, with the need of replacing military forces by a
costly constabulary and with a discontented population under many turbulent
leaders. His position seemed almost hopeless. He recognized that any attempt to
govern a people by overawing them was unsound on financial grounds if on no
others. He reduced the cost of the police by giving police duties to native
headmen and relieving many villages of their police-stations. He settled the
question of the feudal revenues of the chiefs by making them local headmen and
giving them a substantial percentage of all Government dues collected by them
in their districts. He secured a very useful addition to the revenue by
substituting a definite land-tax for the indefinite right possessed by the
State to the forced labour of its people. He created a State Council of leading
men whom he consulted on all important issues; and he took the views of the people
before appointing a local chief. He had the satisfaction of seeing the Perak
debt paid off in a few years and the abolition </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 118 A History of Perak.</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
of debt-slavery by the end of 1883.
Students of administration will find much to interest them in such measures as
his appointment of Chinese to the State Council; his introduction of
cultivation-clauses and building-clauses into land-tenure; his system of
dealing with water-rights, forests and revenue-farms; and his policy of
economic development by means of roads and railways. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The population, estimated in 1879 at 81,084 souls rose by
1891 to 214,254.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Perak, Malaysia4.807294 100.80000513.7946925 99.5365776 5.8198954999999994 102.06343260000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-6089918801860618052012-03-31T12:59:00.000+08:002012-03-31T12:59:56.984+08:00Chapter IX - THE FIRST BRITISH RESIDENT.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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For almost a year they faced one another, those two
protagonists at the estuary of the Perak river. </div>
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One was an English gentleman with all the virtues and
defects of his class period and upbringing, brave, honourable, kind, a lover of
thrift and order, a strong confident administrator who worked heartily as
unto—Dr. Arnold. He had about as much psychological insight as others of his
complacent generation and though he had served for years in Ceylon, never
clearly saw the Asiatic ruler against his historic background of Hinduism,
harems and monopolies, but only as an anomaly against the very modern
background of an English public school. Having no insight he had about as much
sense of humour as the average Victorian was allowed to display. He had reached
an age when from habitude the East no longer holds illusion and glamour for the
European. Years in the tropics had tinged his nordic energy with nervous
irritability. Not far from the end of his official career he was a man in a
hurry to carry Victorian light to Perak while still he had time; for even long
experience had failed to bring home to his unimaginative mind that hurry is
futile in the training of childlike chieftains, especially when they are
sensitive proud and spoilt. Besides he had a public-schoolboy's loyalty to
superiors, who had instructed him: " it only requires that the wishes of
government should be made known to native rulers to secure implicit
obedience." He was sent to Perak to educate its chiefs in administration
on lines entirely new to them but he knew no Malay and could not talk to his
pupils. His pliant interpreter from the Colony had no fine public-school "
scorn of consequence " but interpreted as far as possible to avoid rebuke
and give satisfaction to all parties: " these are not the Kuran," he
remarked when posting the notices that caused Birch's murder; " they can
be disregarded as soon as the Resident leaves! " </div>
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<br /></div>
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The other protagonist was a young Malay raja with the
charming manners of his class and the vices proper to the spoilt darling of a
royal harem, sensitive as a woman to slights and shades of manner, fastidious
as a woman over dress, an extravagant libertine, vain, timid and adept at
intrigue. Duty was a concept entirely foreign to him. Work of a kind was a
tiresome necessity for without intelligent effort it was impossible to borrow
enough money for his harem, his gambling and his cock-fighting. Unpleasant
business, even the avenging of honour, must wait till tomorrow and tomorrow and
tomorrow;; an elementary instinct of self-preservation that European
administrators and Chinese creditors seemed strangely and inconveniently to
lack. The one principle ever present in his royal mind was the divine right of
kings. On the distaff side he was descended from the Laksamanas: the Mantri </div>
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102</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The First British Resident. Page 103</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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also was related to the Laksamanas
by ties of marriage, yet when the Mantri failed to lend 'Abdullah money and
took his bought title to the rich tin-fields of Larut seriously, then 'Abdullah
had had no scruple about siding with the Mantri's Chinese enemies and trying to
diddle him out of Larut. To rajas of that time the ordinary ryot was of little
more account than a beast of the field: after the murder of Mr. Birch 'Abdullah
said to his chiefs, " Let us appear friendly with the Europeans by going
up and getting hold of some of the low class men who actually killed Mr. Birch
and handing them over! We can spread a report that Mr. Birch brought it on
himself by interfering with the Pasir Salak women'' Quite rightly Thomas
Braddell described the Sultan as " more than ordinarily sharp and
intelligent," but the Sultan was a frog under a coconut-shell, as ignorant
of the ways of civilisation as he was of the size and might of the British
empire. Not for more than a year yet was he to learn that this quixotic white race
would sacrifice comfort, riches and life to punish the murderers of its
servant, to avenge that queer thing its honour. A lonely pathetic figure of an
Englishman with narrow rigid ideas as his daily companions! A pathetic
spoilt-child Raja, with a crowd of sycophants always round him and only the
pernicious ideas he absorbed from them in his mind! These were the protagonists
in that long duel, when Mr. Birch landed at Batak Rabit on 5 November 1874 and
confronted 'Abdullah as Perak's first Resident, eager to pour new wine into old
bottles. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Very soon indeed, Birch adopted his role of mentor. Four
days after arrival, he wrote in that full and frank diary, which is at once his
own condemnation and excuse, the motto destined to wreck his hopes and his life:
" I see that nothing but decision is necessary with these people."
Some fifteen days later he added: " Firmness will, I trust, do it all; and
with 'Abdu-llah one must be firm and even peremptory. God help a country left
to a man like that, unadvised by sound counsellors! I very often despair when I
think of him; but he will only be a puppet and, I believe, do all that one
advises." Peremptory with a Sultan, with whom even his own father had
never been peremptory! Firm with a clever timid youth, who saw in firmness only
rudeness and longed to get rid of his tormentor; a polite weak youth whose
words, as he said himself " caused him to be much indebted to the
English." </div>
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<br /></div>
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The Resident's task was of immense and novel difficulty. To
the half feudal half robber financial system of Perak he had seen no
counterpart. But his self-confident nature did not hesitate. After a few days
at Batak Rabit he went to Durian Sa-batang, where he at once explained to the
Laksamana and Mantri his programme for the future. There was to be only one
opium farm and the taxes on all rivers were to be collected by government
officers backed by a police force. There was to be one high court </div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 104<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A History of Perak.</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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judge for the whole S.tate, who
would sentence <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">unlawful tax-gatherers</i>!
Blind to the shattering effect of this programme on his feudal audience he went
upriver to Kuala Kangsar and was assured by his interpreter that both Sultan
Isma'il and Raja Yusuf would acknowledge 'Abdu'llah and sign the Pangkor
treaty. Returning to Bandar, however, Birch got news from Penang that on 16
October, three weeks before his own arrival, Isma'il, Yusuf and the up-country
chiefs including the Mantri had met a Penang lawyer at Blanja, and decided that
they would fight rather than surrender the regalia to 'Abdu'llah and that the
Mantri should pay the lawyer $25,000 to go to England with Raja Yusuf to
represent their case. The day after getting this challenge Birch posted the
Governor's proclamation of 2 November, holding the signatories of the Pangkor
treaty responsible for the observance of its provisions! Openly friendly the
chiefs now sent word to Isma'il on no account to surrender the regalia or sign
the treaty for fear of strengthening Mr. Birch's eager usurping hands. </div>
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For the first half of December Mr. Birch toured Batang
Padang and Bidor. At Bidor he burnt to the ground the house of Raja Ngah,
Tengku Panglima Besar and cousin of ex-Sultan Isma'il, because the Raja was
levying taxes on the local mines. Firmness, he trusted, would do all! Had he
not said to Isma'il on his recent visit: " I would tell the chiefs of
Perak that. .. .we would not allow any of them to levy taxes in their own names
but must have the revenue all collected at proper and stated places and by a
fixed method and in the name of the Sultan only; and if they chose to attempt
to take taxes, or rather <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">levy blackmail,
on their own account</i>, the result would be that we should stop it by
force... . On the whole the interview was a very satisfactory one." On 14
December he, the earnest rationalist form-master, wrote his report to the
headmaster at Singapore: " it concerns us little what were the old customs
of the country nor do I think they are worthy of any consideration.'' He
proposed to substitute new custom duties for those levied by the Shahbandar at
Kuala Perak; to abolish the tin-duties on the Batang Padang to which the
Sultan, the Laksamana and some other chiefs had an ancient right and to replace
them by a royalty of $9 a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> to be
collected at Kuala Perak; to introduce taxes on arms, boats and rice; to
regularize port duties at Kota Stia and to establish one joint opium, spirit
and gambling farm for the whole State. With the headmaster behind him, he seems
to have anticipated no recalcitrancy in his feudal pupils at the loss of their
age-long pocket-money! His interpreter told him that Sultan 'Abdu'llah was even
anxious to give letters of appointment to new and efficient headmen and Mr.
Birch never stopped to remember that the Sultan loved to assert his newly won
power and that the sale of offices had historical precedent. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Before the year was out, Birch planned a meeting of chiefs
at Blanja when Isma'il should surrender the regalia and accept</div>
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<br /></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The First British Resident.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Page
105</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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'Abdullah as Sultan. Having got an
advance of $5,000 for his expenses, 'Abdullah reluctantly agreed to be present.
For two Malay partisans of Raja Yusuf who were coming to frustrate the
proposals on his agenda Birch issued warrants of arrest! But he could not
prevent the Mantri from having a preliminary private interview with 'Abdullah
and assuring him that " the Colonial Office would never interfere in the
Malay Peninsula " and "if we go before the law, the Pangkor treaty
will be void." Nor could he hinder a secret message from 'Abdullah to
Isma'il—" I am now ascending the river, not by my own desire but by that
of Mr. Birch. If he asks for the regalia or desires to instal me, do not
consent. Should you consent to my installation as Sultan, Perak will be given
over to the English; for my words have caused me to be much indebted to them.
.. . Should I myself ask for the regalia in the presence of Mr. Birch, do not
consent to give them up! " Ignorant of these secret plottings the Resident
records the meeting of the chiefs in his diary:— </div>
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" <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1875 January 5</i>. A lovely morning. ... I sent round to all the
chiefs and saw the Bendahara, and we arranged for 10 a.m. The Sultan and the
Bendahara were not awake at 9 a.m., and 1 sent again to them. At last we got
them to move about 12. As soon as I saw them move I sent for them to come and
wait. I had the place very well arranged under the circumstances: two chairs
with yellow damask for the Sultan and Ex-Sultan; Yusuf<sup>1</sup> on one side
and Usman<sup>2 </sup>on the other; then myself and Bacon<sup>3</sup> ; then
Talbot<sup>4</sup> and Mr. Nanta<sup>5</sup> ; and then all the Datus sitting
on carpets in front. I went in front of 'Abdullah and took him up to Isma'il.
The old man came forward with both hands out but 'Abdullah never took them; and
he then in a most polite and kind manner pointed to him a chair and begged him
to sit down. He then called the Bendahara Usman and put him in the next chair
to him, first referring to me as to where he should sit. I then called Yusuf
who stood behind Isma'il to sit next to 'Abdullah; and as soon as I did so he
came, and Isma'il desired him to sit there. Isma'il then asked me if the Datus
should sit down, and we all took our seats. Isma'il said a few nice kind words
to 'Abdullah, and he looked at him and just bent his head but nothing more.
Isma'il then called the Datu Bandar who knelt and kissed his hand; then Datu
Sagor; then Raja Mahkota. The Mantri whom I saw coming up with the Datus across
the sand managed to keep out and went away to the Mosque. The Temenggong who
had come from Kinta never showed. The Maharaja Lela who had got </div>
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<i><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Raja
Yusuf, a claimant of the Sultanate: afterwards Sultan Yusuf of Perak.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sup>2</sup> The Bendahara.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sup>3</sup>
Mr. Birch's clerk interpreter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sup>4 </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr. A, P. Talbot of the Straits Settlements
service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sup>5 </sup>A Dutch-planter.</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 106 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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expenses and sworn
on my hand that he would sign the treaty, kept away and said he had a boil.
Several others who had accompanied 'Abdullah, Rajas and sons of Datus, came and
kissed Ismail's hand. Then there was an awful pause. 'Abdullah looked very
sulky. Ismail made several attempts at conversation with him but to no effect.
I then said that speaking in the Governor's name I would wish to express our
congratulations at this meeting in the presence of so many Chiefs—that I noted
the absence of three who were here, and of Panglima Kinta whom I had hoped to
see, and I regretted the absence also of Sri Maharaja Lela, but he had sent his
son to represent him—and in those they must remember I included all the living
Chiefs of Perak as far as we could get reliably the names, for we only knew
reliably of two out of the Sixteen alive, six out of the Eight, and three out
of the Four. That it was many years since such a meeting had taken place—not
even at Sultan 'Ali's funeral—and I hoped it was the beginning of good days for
the country of Perak—that I should not any longer see the constant quarrels and
bickerings that had been now for some years troubling Perak where no justice
had reigned and nothing but might had prevailed. I dilated a little on their
fine country, and I assured them, once the Chinese and Europeans felt that
peace prevailed and protection for their lives and property existed, they would
flock in for purposes of mining and of agriculture, that all this would raise the
revenue of the country, and that I felt quite sure the Governor would have
great pleasure in writing to the Queen's Government that at last the two
Sultans had met and that every hope now existed of peace in Perak. To this,
Isma'il said 'Yes'; 'Abdullah never spoke. After another long pause in which I
made every sign I could to 'Abdullah—and so did Bacon and the Munshi—to speak
to Isma'il and to Yusuf, while he would take no notice but smile, the Munshi
asked permission to say a few words, which I gave, as did Isma'il, and he
prayed for the Queen, the Governor, for me, Sultan Isma'il and Sultan
'Abdullah, and for blessing on the reconciliation and the meeting; and three
times all the people gave their Amen in the usual way. Again a pause—which
Isma'il broke by getting into conversation with one Datu or the other, and I
then carried it on generally for some time on rice-cultivation, in which all
joined but 'Abdullah. I brought Yusuf in by addressing him and spoke to him two
or three times. Isma'il then sent for 'Abdullah's son who lives with Isma'il
but who has been lately with the Bendahara, and he kept it up lively, child as
he is, about cocks and cock-fighting principally, and the women who nurse him.
Then I tried the effect of cigars, and syrup and water,—improved a little;
oranges and</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The First British Resident. Page 107</b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></div>
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biscuits carried it
on; but Yusuf who must have noticed my signs to 'Abdu'llah to speak to him, at
last told me he was going to leave as he was hot and tired, and went out....
After making every effort on my part, Bacon's, and Munshi's and Isma'il's—who
gladly and in a very nice manner helped, I saw nothing could be done, and as we
had been there three hours I took my leave with civil speeches, and hoped the
friendly intercourse now begun would get stronger every day by interchange of
visits." </div>
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On 31 January 1875 Mr. Birch and the Sultan selected a place
above Bandar as a site for the Residency, changing its name of Ayer Mati to
Bandar Baharu. On 3 February Birch asked 'Abdullah to sign proclamations
authorizing the Resident to collect all taxes at one place. 'Abdu'llah replied
that he must consult his Perak chiefs in council. Seven days later the Resident
called at Batak Rabit on his way to Penang to let the Perak opium and spirit
farms: again he mentioned the proclamations and got a reply that the Resident
must first bring from Penang the uniform which the Sultan had ordered from
Europe at the cost of $4,000! That Savile Row uniform in which perched on the
back of a half-naked retainer His resplendent Highness was to be carried from
his house-boat through water and over squelching mudbanks to august interviews
in riparian clearings from primaeval forest. </div>
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<br /></div>
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While the cat was away at Penang, the mice were at their old
games in Perak. The Sultan took over the Kinta farm from the Bendahara paying
him $300 a month for it and he let the opium and gambling farm at Bandar to a
Raja Ngah. What were Mr. Birch's proposed proclamations against his royal need
for dollars? What were Sir Andrew Clarke's " great yet simple principles
of good government" against his practical experience of raising the wind?
He asked Mr. Birch on his return when he was to govern Perak without British
aid? He felt he could do it. The next day. being March 20, the Laksamana, Shahbandar
and Sri Agar diraja waited on Mr. Birch and said that the Sultan had appointed
them his delegates for all discussions about administration. The Resident
refused to recognise them. On 25 March the Mantri arrived to remove his family
and dependents to a place of safety. Mr. Birch attended a meeting of chiefs, at
which the Sultan and the Mantri were present and listened once more to his
programme for future taxation. In the words of one of the Sultan's servants the
chiefs reached the conclusion that Mr. Birch " had nothing to fill his own
belly and came to Perak to collect the revenue of others." They listened
aghast to proposals that might have come from a high-handed " Dutch
sailor," and they refused to accept them. The Maharaja Lela built a formidable
stockade round his house at Pasir Salak. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Mr. Birch tried to
persuade the Sultan to accompany him to Penang to meet Sir Andrew Clarke but
'Abdullah not without</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 108<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A History of Perak.</b></div>
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reason was shy of encountering
Governors. More courageous and level-headed was the Laksamana who feared a
customs war at Kuala Perak and the shelling of his coastal district by British
gunboats. The Governor was worried by the Mantri's creditors and nothing came
of this interview except that on his way back to Singapore the Governor stopped
at Pangkor to send a stern letter of reproof to 'Abdu'llah for breaking the
Pangkor treaty and not leaving all taxation to the Resident. 'Abdu'llah
complained that everybody tried to get him into scrapes, professed penitence
and was told he must affix his seal to all revenue measures of which the
Governor approved. On 26 April Birch left for Kinta and on 3 May met the
ex-Sultan and tried to induce him to visit the Governor at Singapore but
Isma'il pleaded that one of his children was very ill. </div>
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While Birch was away, the Laksamana hoping against hope
persuaded 'Abdu'llah to send a deputation to the Governor at Singapore. The
head of the deputation, which included the Laksamana, was Raja (afterwards
Sultan) Idris. There were minor grievances over the headstrong way in which the
Resident, heedless of local evidence, had wrongly fixed the Krian and Dinding
boundaries. But the Malay chiefs were statesmanlike and decided to represent to
the Governor only major grievances. They wanted His Excellency's sympathetic
intervention to prevent the Resident from interfering with religion and custom,
from acting without consulting Sultan and chiefs, from depriving them of the
feudal dues that were the only source of their income and from harbouring
refugee slaves their property. The deputation reached Singapore at an
inopportune moment. Sir Andrew Clarke was handing over his office to Sir
William Jervois. Displeased at the Sultan's action he warned the delegates
never to bring letters to the Governor that had not been seen by Mr. Birch and
wrote (17 May) to 'Abdu'llah to obey the new Governor, describing himself as
" the Governor who lifted you out of your misery and sorrow, giving you
position and honour "—and Mr. Birch! Raja Idris then tried to get Kim
Ching to come and collect the revenues of Larut under the document 'Abdu'llah
had formerly given him: a wealthy Chinese merchant from Singapore accustomed to
Europeans might be some check on the Resident. But Kim Ching also failed them:
he had surrendered the document to the Governor and depended on the British to
collect the money 'Abdu'llah owed him. </div>
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<br /></div>
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On May 10 Mr. Birch had returned to the Residency from Kinta
and while Raja Idris and the other delegates were on their way to the Governor,
he made another telltale entry in his diary:— </div>
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" If the plebiscite were taken and the chiefs
consulted, all would go with Isma'il; and Isma'il would, I am sure, beforehand
pledge himself to go with the Resident and act by the advice of the British
Resident I have waited as patiently as any man could wait for signs of
improvement but none come.'' Two days later</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The First British Resident.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Page
109</b></div>
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he was told by one of Ismail's
supporters of the secret deputation to Singapore. Undeterred he asked 'Abdullah
to affix his seal to notices introducing new taxes: 'Abdu'llah said that the
Laksamana and Raja Idris were away and he must await their return, but he
signed a land grant on receipt of $500, grumbling the while that he was paid
only when the Resident wanted him to seal papers. </div>
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<br /></div>
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On 28 May Mr. Birch said a grateful good-bye at Penang to
Sir Andrew Clarke, the chief whose selection of him had signed his
death-warrant and whose recent rejection of the Malay deputation had robbed him
of all chance of reprieve. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Te saluto
moriturus!</i> This was irony of the gods. And the gods mingling tears with
laughter, provided comic relief for the catastrophe. Raja Idris and his
delegates had travelled from Singapore on the same steamer as the retiring
Governor: Sir Andrew said nothing about the representations of the Malay Chiefs
but the Laksamana and Raja Dris told Mr. Birch that they were " now in
hopes 'Abdullah will behave properly and take your advice." Mr. Birch a
child in the ways of Malay diplomacy or indeed of any diplomacy accepted this
as " the correct version " of their errand. On his way back to the
Residency he met the Shahbandar at Kota Stia and threatened him with banishment
if he continued to collect taxes in defiance of the Pangkor treaty: the
Shahbandar " evidently frightened " still had enough courage to opine
that the Resident could take no action without the sealed concurrence of the
Sultan. On 8 June he made another entry in that diary which was the Olympians'
cruellest and best joke, their victim's own admission of divine justice and the
sole monument time should leave of his fame. " I told the Sultan a good
deal of wholesome truth and that if he did not take care he would soon be put
off the throne by the British Government. . . .that he would take no advice and
would do nothing; that we could not and would not stand this much longer; that
a revenue must be raised for the country and that he and the Shahbandar and
Dato' Mata-Mata could not be allowed to go on squeezing as they were doing,
levying the only taxes of the country." </div>
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<br /></div>
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The Resident saw that toll-stations at intervals of every
few miles along the Perak river must limit the output of tin and damage trade.
But his proposals for a state revenue made a clean sweep of feudal dues and,
ignorant of what revenue his proposals would bring, he made the chiefs no firm
offer of compensation: in his eyes, they were robbers from the Sultan
downwards. His actions might appear arbitrary but the event would justify the
means. Month after month he had asked 'Abdu'llah to sign notices to regulate
taxation; in June he grew desperate and threatened him with banishment if he
did not sign before the end of the month; on 'Abdullah's entreaty the time was
extended until 20 July. During the interval the Resident toured Larut and Kuala</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 110<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A History of Perak.</b></div>
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Kangsar: at Kota Lama armed Malays
refused to allow him to land, saying that they obeyed only their local chief
and cared nothing for the Sultan. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Meanwhile the Sultan despatched letters to all the great
chiefs inviting them to a consultation " as the British wanted to govern
the country and upset the old customs." At Senggang Raja Yusuf showed the
letter to the Resident, adding that the British had much better govern Perak
than leave that puppet 'Abdullah on the throne. On 20 July the meeting of
chiefs was held at Durian Sa-Batang. Raja Dris and his cousin Raja Musa, the
Laksamana, Sri Agar 'diraja, Shahbandar, Maharaja Lela, To' Muda 'Abdu'l-ghafur
soon to be Panglima Bukit Gantang, the Raja Mahkota, with representatives of
the Bendahara, the Sri Maharaja Lela, the Mantri and the Temenggong, all were
present. Birch had made 'Abdullah the leader of his people and did not know it.
The Sultan read a letter from Isma'il agreeing to any plan for the removal of
Mr. Birch. The Laksamana lamented that their mission to the Governor had failed
and suggested poison, but the meeting favoured acceptance of an offer by the
Maharaja Lela to stab the Resident, if there were no other mode of quietus, and
all agreed to invite the co-operation of Isma'il and the upriver chiefs for
driving the British out of Perak. Were the Laksamana and the Maharaja Lela
serious? A wish that a man may die need not mean instigation to murder: in one
place in his diary Mr. Birth had written: " the best thing that could
happen to the country would be Sultan's death." But the nerves of the
Perak chiefs were frayed, their appeal to the Governor had failed and they were
desperate men. </div>
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Immediately after this meeting the Sultan had to hurry down
to Batak Rabit to meet the Resident and his exigent creditor, Kim Ching. Kim
Ching, his stomach upset by the bad drinking water, rated the Sultan so soundly
that the royal debtor signed papers appointing the Resident and Raja Idris
judges, surrendering the collection of revenue to the Resident and Shahbandar
and acknowledging indebtedness to Kim Ching in the sum $16,000. But the royal
seal was broken and could not be affixed! Birch was angry. The Sultan, furious
at an alliance between the Resident and his insulting creditor, is said to have
then ordered an attack on Kota Stia as soon as Mr. Birch was killed. In spite
of this with the inconsistency of a weak harassed man he briefed a Penang
lawyer to discover if Birch could not be removed by legal means and at the same
time sent to Penang $2,000 to buy muskets and ammunition. In spite of his
troubles and his resentment against the British he tried to borrow $5,000 from
Colonel Anson, the Lieutenant-Governor of Penang, in order to buy himself a
diamond star for the Governor's impending visit! </div>
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Meantime the Laksamana came to Batak Rabit angry and
humiliated because excise officers had searched his wife's boat for</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The First British Resident.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Page
111</b></div>
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contraband opium. He found Sultan
'Abdu'llah fuming because a clerk at the Residency had, in the absence of his
master, refused to surrender two refugee slave women and one free-women
betrothed without the royal sanction to Birch's Cingalese servant. On 10 August,
returning from Singapore, the Resident had an interview with Raja Dris at Batak
Rabit but did not visit the Sultan. " Formerly" grumbled 'Abdu'llah,
" the Resident always stopped and spoke to me: now I have given him full
powers, he disregards me." The Maharaja Lela and his brother-in-law,
Pandak Indut, now visited Batak Rabit and 'Abdullah gave the Maharaja Lela a
document authorising him to govern independently the district from Pasir Salak
to Sungai Dedap and to collect taxes on the Sungai Dedap. To it was affixed the
" broken " seal. </div>
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<br /></div>
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On 12 August Birch was warned of a plot to send a woman to
the Residency in the guise of a runaway slave to poison his food. A trader was
fined $250 by the Sultan for refusing to pay duty at the old Malay toll-house
at Kuala Kinta: when he showed a copy of the Governor's proclamation about
taxes, the collector had advised him to tear it up and throw into the river
when all the pieces would stick to the jakes down-stream! On 17 August
'Abdullah called on Birch on a vain errand to borrow $5,000 to entertain the
Governor on his visit. Birch told him that the Governor would not call on him
and seized the occasion to insist on arresting one of 'Abdu'llah's boatmen for
past rowdyism in a native theatre. The Sultan tried to laugh about it but
declared later that he had never been so insulted in his life, and sent off a
boat to Pasir Panjang to fetch the state wizard Raja Kechil Muda to hold a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">seance</i> and enquire if the guardian
genies of Perak would destroy Mr. Birch. Before the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">seance</i> began, the Sultan said, "If there be any spirits left
in Perak, let us look into the future and see if there is any means by which he
may die and his steamer be wrecked on the Perak bar." The Sultan himself
was one of the mediums and declared that Mr. Birch would die within a month. He
stabbed a flour mannikin repeatedly and said, " See! in a month Mr. Birch
will be dead." He paid another medium, Raja Ahmat, $100 to produce Birch's
spirit of life in the form of a butterfly, which was killed with a knife. The
excuse for the ceremony was the Sultan's illness but the Sultan was walking
about quite well and threatened death to any one who should speak of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">seance</i> to the English. </div>
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Mr. Birch had gone
upriver to inform ex-Sultan Isma'il of the Governor's coming and invite him to
sign a letter accepting British administration if he were recognised as Sultan.
On the way the Resident snatched a spear out of the hands of the Sri Agar
'diraja who met him at Kampong Gajah, and he told that great chief that it was disrespectful
to come into his presence armed! From Kinta Sultan Isma'il not only sent
excuses for not signing the letter but at the prompting of his chiefs he
secretly</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 112 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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promised them to give the Maharaja
Lela authority to carry out " the plan agreed on at Durian
Sa-Batang." While Mr. Birch joined the Governor on his yacht at the
Dindings, two of the Sultan's female slaves ran away to the Residency where the
care-taker, Mr. Keyt, refused to surrender them. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Travelling overland from Larut the Governor, Sir William
Jervois, went to Senggang, where Raja (afterwards Sultan) Yusuf wished the
British would take over the entire management of affairs. On 11 September Sir
William reached Blanja, where the ex-Sultan was waiting with all his chiefs,
and asked if Ismail would hand over the administration of Perak to the Governor
of the Straits Settlements: neither Ismail nor his chiefs were ready with a
definite answer. The Governor passed on downstream, received 'Abdu'llah
(complete with Star) at Bandar Baharu and surrendered to His Highness two
fugitive slaves with a lecture on debt-slavery and a proposal that the Perak
chiefs should accept allowances and hand over the government to the British.
'Abdullah asked for a fortnight to consult his chiefs. The Governor embarked on
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pluto</i> and returned to Singapore.
Again Mr. Birch was alone. He heard on all sides that 'Abdu'llah's people
wanted to kill him but he was a brave man. </div>
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<br /></div>
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On 18 September Mr. Birch told five women slaves who had
escaped to Kota Stia that they could go where they liked, and he sent them to
Pangkor. The air was thick with rumours. Yusuf and Idris (both of them destined
to be Sultans) accepted the Governor's proposals and drew their allowances. Mr.
Birch telegraphed to Singapore: " Arrangement between Ismail and
'Abdu'llah appears impossible. Ismail has sent a useless and very impertinent
letter to you.... A small body of troops placed here, as soon as you can conveniently,
and a gun-boat with sepoys at Kuala Kangsar will keep order easily and prevent
any attempts at disturbances. There is a strong hope among the majority of
Perak that you will carry out your promise. Many good men have collected here
and offered themselves to government; amongst them Ismail's brothers and
Yusuf's sons. 'Abdu'llah is impracticable." The same day Birch wrote in
his diary, " We have heard nothing from 'Abduilah or of him except that he
and the Shahbandar are very desirous of polishing me off." On 24
September, however, 'Abdu'llah, Raja Dris and the Shahbandar came to the
Residency and 'Abdu'llah promised to write a letter similar to that written to
the Governor by Raja Yusuf and Raja Dris, but the next day he sent to ask for
$1,500, which was refused pending receipt of the letter. On 29 September the
Resident warned the Sultan to write the promised letter or abide by the
consequences. On 30 September the Pluto brought a letter from the Governor
reproving the Sultan for his attitude and offering him recognition as Sultan
and a large allowance if he would authorize the British to govern Perak in his
name. Mr. Birch also got a letter from Sir William</div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The First British Resident. Page 1113</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Jervois offering the Sultanate to
Raja Yusuf, if 'Abdullah refused to submit. Unaware of these letters, 'Abdullah
accepted an allowance of $2,000 a month and British administration in his royal
name, with a promise that until debt-salary had been investigated the Resident
would return fugitive slaves. The Resident had won. Now was the time to show
this naughty princeling that he was a firm master. The next morning he spent in
drafting for 'Abdullah's signature a completely different letter from that
forwarded by the Governor and he redrafted in a more stringent form the
proclamations he had presented so often for 'Abdullah's seal. 'Abdullah
protested that Malay judges should try cases concerned with the Muslim religion
and with Malay custom. Mr. Birch granted only the point concerning religion and
told the Sultan that unless the drafts were signed and sealed that evening, he
would send Yusuf the Governor's letter offering him the throne. 'Abdullah
yielded. </div>
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A second time the Sultan's two slave girls ran away
accompanied by a slave concubine of the Shahbandar. The Sultan, the Laksamana
and the Shahbandar paddled down to Bandar Baharu where with the Resident's
permission the distracted Shahbandar made a frantic but futile search for the
runaways. At the same time Mr. Birch informed the Malay chiefs that in view of
the fresh powers 'Abdullah had now given him, he would not surrender the
Sultan's women should they complain of ill-treatment! Moreover Mr. Birch seized
the occasion of their visit to Bandar Baharu to urge the Laksamana and the
exasperated Shahbandar to sign a letter similar to that signed by Rajas Yusuf
and Idris! The Sultan now told his clerk to write a letter authorizing the
Maharaja Lela to kill this incomprehensible white man. </div>
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On 12 October the Resident took the fugitive slave girls to
Pangkor in his own yacht and disguised as boatmen. On 18 October Mr. Birch sent
copies of the proclamations about the new system of taxation for the approval
of Raja Yusuf. Yusuf replied that he and Dris heartily approved but advised
that troops should be summoned before the proclamations were issued and he was
certain that an example must be made of the Laksamana, Shahbandar and Maharaja
Lela or of one of them and a village or two must be burnt. But on 26 October
Mr. Swettenham, just returned from Singapore, found his chief still sanguine
that all would go well. The next day the Resident posted the new proclamations
at the Residency to a salute of twenty-one guns and left for Kuala Kinta where
he pulled down the Bendahara's toll-house! <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Queen
deus vult perdere</i>—.In secret session the Sultan and his chiefs agreed that
when the Resident went up to Pasir Salak the Maharaja Lela should fulfil his
promise and kill him. The Sultan sent supplies and ammunition and a valuable
creese to the Maharaja Lela.</div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 114 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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At 11 p.m. on 1 November accompanied by a small Sepoy guard
Mr. Birch arrived at Pasir Salak, moored close by the Maharaja Lela's house and
slept in his boat. It was now three days since his assassins had been
appointed. Unsuspecting he allowed his companion Mr. Abbott, a naval
lieutenant, to cross the river at dawn to shoot. The sepoys and boatmen went
ashore to cook their rice. Mr. Birch who was recovering from a sprained ankle
sat in his boat smoking a cigar. The Dato' Sagor came aboard and talked for
half an hour. The Resident sought an interview with the Maharaja Lela but his
request was refused. The Maharaja Lela seated in his open hall of audience
declared that he would submit to no one but the Sultan, and he sat waiting to
hear if the Resident would post those proclamations about taxation which boded
the end of feudal rights and feudal rule; he had ordered his men to tear them
down and, if they were posted again, to run amuck and kill. The Resident
directed his clerk, Mat Arshad, to stick the notices on the wooden walls of the
Chinese shop-house ten yards away, and himself entered the floating bath-house
to which his boat was tied. A sepoy sentry armed with a revolver guarded the
door. Mat Arshad shouted to his master that the Malays were tearing down the
proclamations, at which Mr. Birch called back to him to post them again. Mat
Arshad set about the job, pushing one of the crowd aside. The Malays stabbed
the elderly whiskered clerk and leaping on to the bath-house speared the
Resident through the flimsy palm-leaf walls: as he lay half in the stream, one
man Seputum hacked him with a sword; the body fell into the river and
disappeared. The sentry jumped into the water without having fired a shot: no
one had given the order! The Dato' Sagor stood a silent accomplice. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
As so often in tragedy, the end was squalid butchery.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Perak, Malaysia4.807294 100.80000513.7946925 99.5365776 5.8198954999999994 102.06343260000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-4436141249292779882012-03-31T12:47:00.000+08:002012-03-31T12:47:53.389+08:00Chapter VIII - BRITISH INTERVENTION.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Well enough one of the Chinese leaders in Larut exclaimed:
" When the British flag is seen over Perak, every Chinese will go down on
his knees and bless God." As early as 1864 the Singapore newspapers had
suggested that England should offer to purchase the country, but at that time
Singapore can hardly have had firsthand knowledge of social conditions under
Malay rule in Perak. None but a Muslim had legal rights. The Perak Code laid it
down, for example, that forest land became the property of the person who
cleared it, only provided he was a Muhammadan. The aborigines, as infidels,
were hunted down and enslaved and, as Mr. Birch wrote in 1874, not the
slightest notice was taken of the murder of a Sakai. Even the Muslim infirm can
hardly be said to have enjoyed rights in a society where might only counted.
When Sultan Muzaffar Shah was suffering from his last illness, a mad woman
found in the palace was killed as a witch. In the reign of his successor,
Iskandar Shah, the Sri Maharaja had allowed one of his dependents, a Tamil
Muslim girl, to become betrothed but withdrew his permission, wanting to marry
her himself: her fiance seized her by force but was thwarted by the aggrieved
chief giving her to the Sultan as a slave! </div>
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<br /></div>
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And the condition of slaves in Perak was pitiable. Malay
Codes are often academic but little can be expected from practice when the
Perak law prescribed that " if a slave assaults a free-man, he shall be
assaulted in turn and have his hands nailed down, while the free-man shall be
at liberty to enjoy the slave's wife." " The loan of a slave was like
the borrowing of a stick." Any man harbouring a runaway slave had his ears
fillipped with a small rattan and any female harbourer had her head shaved and
was beaten. On the discovery of the pregnancy of a female slave, her purchaser
could return her as damaged goods but her child remained his property. </div>
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<br /></div>
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In 1874 there were 3,000 slaves in Perak, one sixteenth of
the whole population. " Every Raja and Chief was accompanied, when he went
abroad and was served at home, by numerous dependents, debts-bondsmen and
slaves, who lived in or near his house and belonged to his household. If they
misbehaved, they might be beaten and tortured, and slaves might be killed. . .
. The desire to possess some particular person sometimes led to the invention
of fictitious debts, and people were liable with little hope of redress to be
dragged from their homes.... No work that debt-bondsmen performed for their
creditors and masters operated to lessen the debt: they served in his
household, cultivated his fields and worked in his mines, but such service was
merely a necessary incident of their position.... Sometimes the master fed and
clothed them but more often they had to supply themselves with all </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 92 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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necessaries notwithstanding that
their labour was forfeited to the master's service." In Perak there was
seldom recognition of the right of a female debtor to freedom once she had
become her master's mistress. Nor was heed paid to the rule that wife and
children could not be held liable for a debt incurred without their knowledge.
In Kinta the debts of bondsmen were swelled by a species of compound interest.
A man might owe a bahar of tin: if he did not pay in six months, local custom
made him liable for a bahar at the Penang price, say three times its value in
Kinta. The debt was then put down at three bahar! And every six months the same
compound calculation was repeated! </div>
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Class distinctions were rigid. In the districts of Kampar,
Sungkai and Pulau Tiga, where there were no powerful chiefs to protect their
dependents, royal messengers could carry the ruler's creese or sword and carry
off the young women to become palace attendants. " Usually they led a life
of prostitution with the knowledge and consent of the Raja and his household,
and by their means a number of male attendants were always about the court and
the importance of the Raja was thereby outwardly increased." To strike a
royal slave involved the penalty of death. Anybody who enticed a royal slave
away had to make good the value fourteenfold: if the slave belonged to a Raja,
sevenfold; if to a Mantri, five-fold; if to a Sayid, three-fold; if to a common
person, two-fold: too poor to pay, the enticer was killed. </div>
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In Krian in 1874 it was difficult to get $10 an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">orlong</i> for excellent rice-land, the
price being calculated merely on the cost of the labour for clearing the field:
when the British introduced security of tenure, the price rose to $60 or $70.
For under Malay custom no subject could hold freehold property or enjoy more
than the usufruct of land, conditional on continuous occupation, the payment of
tithe and taxes and the rendering of customary services or in other words
forced labour. " Whenever the Sultan or any Raja or Chief of sufficient
authority," I quote Sir Frank Swettenham, " wanted labour for any
public or private work—such as the clearing of a river, the building of a
mosque or house, the manning of boats for a journey, then all the men within
reach were summoned, through the village headmen, to come and undertake this
forced labour, for which no payment was ever made, and though the labourers
were supposed to be fed as long as the work lasted, that was not always
done." And famine was frequent and food an ever present worry. Poor as the
harvests were and at the mercy of an uncertain rainfall, produce and cattle and
poultry-were likely to be seized by invaders as Colonel Low found in 1826 the
Siamese had seized them. </div>
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Taxation was heavy. Export duties were: $6 to $10 a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> on tin, $3 a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pikul</i> on gutta, $2 a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pikul</i>
on resins, $1.25 a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pikul</i> on hides, $2
on a 100 rattans. There are numerous import duties: $4 a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koyan</i> on rice, $50 a chest on opium, $16 a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koyan</i> on salt,</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British Intervention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Page 93</b></div>
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$2 a pikul on Javanese and $1.50 a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pikul</i> on Chinese tobacco; 2½ per cent,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> ad valorem</i> on cottons and silks. At
every river-mouth the local chief had a custom-station and duties were demanded
at every station past which goods were conveyed! Even " Eyes," the
equivalent of the modern policeman got his tithe of poultry, rope, pots and
pans, needles, gold and silk thread, coconuts and fish and demanded $2 a mast
from vessels passing his coign of vantage. </div>
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<br /></div>
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There were no anaesthetics for those wounded in the constant
fighting and no cure for malaria, beri-beri and yaws. The dread of disease took
the form of dread of ghostly powers, so that the State, which did nothing else
for the creature comforts of the people, used periodically to consult their
welfare by organising great ceremonies to expel malignant demons from its
borders and propitiate kindly guardian influences. It was ceremony that made
life tolerable for the Perak peasant—ceremony and the feudal system. Raped,
tortured or enslaved, every individual commanded the interest of somebody, even
if it were a malevolent interest. The peasant was the hewer of wood and drawer
of water at the births and marriages of his chiefs and he cut and carried their
huge biers but he saw the show and took part in it. His masters lived for
ceremonies their only amusement, and destiny was now about to stage two fateful
ceremonies, first the installation as ruler, of Bendahara Isma'il, and a little
later a shaman's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">seance</i> which was
produced in evidence that cost the lives of two great Perak chiefs and the
exile of a Sultan. </div>
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Generally a Perak Sultan is succeeded by the Raja Muda. The
Bendahara or Prime Minister takes possession of the regalia of the deceased
ruler and temporarily administers the government. At the expiration of seven
days he sends or heads a deputation to the Raja Muda inviting him as
heir-presumptive to attend the obsequies and be installed as Sultan.
Accordingly after the death of Sultan 'Ali at Sayong on 26 May 1871, Raja Muda
'Abdu'llah, son of Sultan Ja'far and brother-in-law of Sultan 'Ali, was invited
to attend the obsequies. The invitation was not in proper form, as none of the
upcountry chiefs wanted him for their ruler. No yellow umbrella and no
house-boat accompanied the invitation. The first invitation came not from
Bendahara Isma'il but from 'Abdu'llah's brother-in-law, son of the deceased
Sultan, who sent a messenger wearing one of the deceased's kerchiefs, a more
polite intimation than any missive but still not formal. 'Abdu'llah hesitated
to go to Sayong as he feared that on the way upriver he might be attacked at
Senggang by another claimant Raja Yusuf. So the Bendahara sent—no yellow
umbrella, no big chief to invite his attendance but first To' Dewa of Lambor
and then S'inda Maharaja. Meanwhile, disgusted at her consort's cowardice,
'Abdu'llah's wife (sister of the dead Sultan), Raja Tipah, ran away with Raja
Daud, a Selangor raja. At Durian Sa-batang the Laksamana trained his guns on
the abductor's boat but Raja Daud</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 94 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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tied himself to Raja Tipah and
defied the Laksamana to shed the white blood of a Perak princess. 'Abduilah
divorced his erring spouse and attempted no revenge. But how could he face her
nephew at Sayong? or Ismail, who had adopted her? or Raja Yusuf contemptuous of
weaklings and cowards? After waiting thirty-two days with the body of their
late king an offence to heaven, the chiefs lost patience and on 28 June
installed Ismail, who had been Bendahara to two Sultans. The new ruler took the
title of Ismail Mu'abidin Shah and was accepted by all the chiefs (except the
Laksamana) and at first by the British government. But trouble soon began.
Ismail took the official scales of the customs officer at Kuala Perak away from
the Laksamana's son and gave them to a chief just appointed by himself, the
Raja Mahkota. Raja Muda 'Abduilah and the Shahbandar attacked the Raja Mahkota
and seized the scales. Probably the Sultan would have attacked 'Abdu'llah, had
not the Larut troubles occupied him. Still it was not till 1872 that those like
the Eurasian Bacon to whom the improvident 'Abduilah had granted valuable
concessions began to cast doubts on the validity of Ismail's Sultanate:—one of
Sultan 'Ali's last letters to Lieutenant-Governor Anson, dated 18 March 1871,
had asked that British subjects should be prevented from negotiating for farms
in Perak with his brother-in-law, the Raja Muda. Now in 1872 Governor Ord sent
Mr. Irving, Auditor-General of the Straits Settlements, along with an
interpreter (Ibrahim son of Munshi 'Abduilah) lent by the Maharaja of Johor, to
investigate on the spot who was the rightful ruler. On 25 April Mr. Irving met
Raja Muda 'Abduilah in the presence of the Mantri (whom he styled the Raja of
Larut) and of the Mantri's father-in-law, the Laksamana Muhammad Amin. The
Eurasian, Mr. Bacon, made a speech asserting 'Abduilah's claims. When the Raja
Muda had gone, the Mantri took Irving aside and told him in confidence that the
election of Ismail was valid and could not now after a whole year be annulled.
By far the wealthiest Perak chief, the Mantri was suspected of aiming at the
throne and, as Swettenham noted, " to gain this end his best plan was to
obtain a precedent for breaking the line of succession " and to support a
ruler older than himself. Irving came to the conclusion that this untrustworthy
trimmer the Mantri owed Larut to a corrupt bargain to support Ismail's claim to
the Sultanate! And without meeting Ismail he stigmatised him as " an
impracticable Malay of the old school," and advised the government to get
that lover of European ways 'Abduilah installed as Sultan, which he was
optimist enough to say " might be done very unobtrusively! " Unlike
Ismail, 'Abduilah would not conspire with Raja Mahdi and Sayid Mashhor against
Zia-u'd-din, the Kedah viceroy of Selangor. In short, 'Abduilah's election
might restore harmony from Kedah to Johor! But on 9 May Wan Hasan the
Temenggong Paduka Raja of Perak addressed a strong letter to</div>
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the Governor, protesting that the
election of Ismail, a just fair prince, could not be annulled after a reign of
a year, that another Bendahara in the person of Raja 'Usman (a son of Sultan
'Ali) had been appointed and that 'Abdullah stood in the position of grandson
to Sultan Ismail and had caused a lot of trouble to him and to Perak. The
Temenggong added that besides himself there had been present at Ismail's
election the two sons of Sultan 'Ali, the Mantri, the Orang Kaya Balai Maharaja
Lela, the Sri Agar 'diraja. the Panglima Kinta, the Sri Maharaja Lela and the
Sri Nara 'diraja as well as the sons of the Panglima Bukit Gantang and of the
Sri Adika Raja who were acting in the place of their fathers. Only the
Laksamana and Shahbandar were absent. All the chiefs present had talked of
'Abdullah the cuckold as having been ever useless to his country, and
unanimously elected Ismail. Later the Laksamana and Shahbandar expressed their
agreement. On 12 May the Mantri also wrote to the Governor that Ismail should
remain Sultan. The Governor suggested summoning all the Perak chiefs finally to
decide who should be their ruler. The chiefs rightly declared that the matter
was settled and refused to come. </div>
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<br /></div>
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On 12 March 1873 Abdu'llah applied to the
Lieutenant-Governor of Penang for a pass for arms for himself and his men as
they were going to investigate the disturbances in Larut; the letter was not
answered as the " Raja Muda alias Sultan " was merely fleeing from
small creditors at Penang. On 28 April he claimed that he had at last been
elected Sultan by many of the Perak chiefs including the Mantri, and he
collected the revenues of Kuala Perak for his maintenance. He meddled in the
Larut troubles pretending to help the British and be on the side of law and
order but, according to Sultan Ismail, received payment for taking sides. In
spite of 'Abdullah's efforts, the British government refused to recognize him,
but it also declined to recognize Ismail. Ismail, though a Perak prince only on
the distaff side, was no usurper but had been peaceably and properly elected.
He was the rightful ruler and 'Abdullah only a pretender when Sir Harry Ord
left the Straits and was succeeded by Sir Andrew Clarke, a change of Governors
that happened to coincide with a change of policy on the part of the Colonial
Office. </div>
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<br /></div>
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When in 1868 Sir Harry Ord had made a treaty with Kedah, the
Colonial Office, while not disapproving of the treaty, laid down for the
instruction of its administrators that " it would generally be undesirable
that a Governor should enter into negotiations with native rulers, still less
that he should conclude any agreement with them, except in pursuance of an
object or policy considered and approved by Her Majesty's Government."
These instructions are logical enough. But the " policy considered and approved
by Her Majesty's Government " in the days of Sir Harry Ord was one of the
strictest non-intervention. When, in July, 1872</div>
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a number of Malacca traders sent a
petition to the Government about the losses to which they were being put by the
Selangor disturbances, they received the following reply: </div>
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" It is the policy of Her
Majesty's Government not to interfere in the affairs of these countries except
where it becomes necessary for the suppression of piracy or the punishment of
aggression on our people or territories, and if traders, prompted by the
prospect of large gains, choose to run the risk of placing their persons and
property in the jeopardy that they are aware attends them in these countries
under present circumstances, it is impossible for the Government to be
answerable for their protection or that of their property." </div>
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<br /></div>
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This answer was formally approved by Lord Kimberley in
December, 1872. The same rule of absolute neutrality was laid down once more
for the Governor's guidance in a despatch dated 5 July, 1873. From that date,
however, there are indications of a change of policy. Writing to Mr. Seymour
Clarke on 5 August, 1873, the Colonial Office qualified its assertion of
neutrality by stating that hitherto it had been the practice of the British
Government not to interfere in the internal affairs of the Native States. In a
despatch to the Governor, six weeks later, on 20 September, 1873, the policy of
non-intervention was avowedly given up. </div>
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" Her Majesty's Government
have, it need hardly be said, no desire to interfere in the internal affairs of
the Malay States; but, looking to the long and intimate connection between them
and the British Government. .. . Her Majesty's Government find it incumbent to
employ such influence as they possess with the native princes to rescue, if
possible, these fertile and productive countries from the ruin which must
befall them if the present disorders continue unchecked. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" I have to request that you
will carefully ascertain, as far as you are able, the actual condition of
affairs in each State and that you will report to me whether there are in your
opinion any steps which can properly be taken by the Colonial Government to
promote the restoration of peace and order and to secure protection to trade
and commerce with the native territories. I should wish you, especially, to
consider whether it would be advisable to appoint a British officer to reside
in any of the States. Such an appointment could, of course, only be made with
the full consent of the native Government, and the expenses connected with it
would have to be defrayed by the Government of the Straits Settlements." </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
It seems clear, therefore, that in August, 1873, the
Secretary of State had been contemplating a change of policy and that in
September, 1873, that change became accomplished. If the aban-</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British Intervention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Page 97</b></div>
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donment of the old neutral attitude
is to be ascribed to the representations of any Governor, it must have been due
to the counsels of Sir Harry Ord. But as Sir Harry Ord was on the eve of
retiring, the orders of the Colonial Office were not directed to him (though he
was still in office) but to the Governor-designate, Sir Andrew Clarke, who
happened to be in England when this all-important despatch was written. Not
that the counsels of Governors could have been sufficient to bring about so
great a change, had they not been aided by events. In 1873 Larut was being torn
in two by rival secret societies; Perak proper was in a state of anarchy;
Selangor was in the throes of civil war; even in Negri Sembilan there were
serious disturbances. The whole Peninsula, as Sir Harry Ord pointed out, was in
the hands of the lawless and the turbulent. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The policy of inaction that had been pursued between 1867
and 1873 must have been very galling to an administrator of the masterful
temperament of Governor Ord. Local feeling was all in favour of intervention.
In February, 1869, when Raja Yusuf laid his claim to the throne of Perak before
the Straits authorities, the Colonial Secretary (Colonel Macpherson) openly
expressed to the Governor his regret that it was not possible to take advantage
of the opportunity and govern the country through a British nominee. In 1871 a
committee (of which Major McNair was a member) definitely proposed that
Residents should be sent to the Native States. In 1872, Sir George W. R. Campbell,
when acting as Lieutenant-Governor of Penang, wrote in a similar strain: </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
" I speak with diffidence,
being so new to this portion of the East, but I think it is worth consideration
whether the appointment under the British Government of a British Resident or
Political Agent for certain of the Malay States would not, as in India, have a
markedly beneficial effect. Such Resident or Political Agent would need to be
an officer of some position and standing and a man of good judgment and good
personal manner, and he should, of course, have a thorough knowledge of the
Malay language. ... In India, in many a native-ruled State, it is marvellous
what work a single well-selected British officer has effected in such matters
as roads, schools, and police—even within the compass of a few years." </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
These quotations make it plain that the introduction of the
residential system into the Malay States was not the result of any sudden
inspiration on the part of a new Governor. It was brought about by the course
of events and by the advocacy of many Colonial officials—Sir Harry Ord,
Colonels Anson and Macpherson, Major McNair and Sir George Campbell, among
others. Sir Andrew Clarke's connection with it was fortuitous. Before leaving
England he had been told what to do. He landed at Singapore in November, 1873,
and signed the Pangkor Treaty on 20 January, 1874. But</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 98 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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there were many possible ways of
intervening in Perak affairs; and Sir Andrew Clarke must be judged by the way
he elected to take—his reversal of Sir Harry Ord's policy towards the Mantri,
his recognition of Raja Muda 'Abdu'llah as Sultan, his choice of Mr. Birch as
Resident, and his guidance of Mr, Birch's line of action. </div>
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<br /></div>
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At the time of the Pangkor treaty Sir Andrew Clarke was
probably ignorant that his predecessor had recognized the Mantri as the
independent ruler of Larut. The papers on the subject were in Penang and were
forwarded to him on 23 January, 1874, after the treaty had been signed. Sir
Harry Ord's statement in the Singapore Council had not been explicit. Sir Harry
had regarded the Larut troubles as a Penang matter and had been guided largely
by the advice of Lieutenant-Governor Anson; Sir Andrew Clarke, as a newcomer,
was influenced by Singapore counsellors, especially by Mr. Braddell who had
never been to Larut and could have only an imperfect acquaintance with the
facts. The new Governor had been instructed and advised to introduce the
residential system, but had not been told how to do it. He seized the first
chance that presented itself. Raja 'Abdu'llah, after his capture by the men of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Midge</i>, had been released by
Colonel Anson, the Lieutenant-Governor, and after borrowing $1,000 through the
Shahbandar sailed to Singapore. He was a discredited man; and his rival, the
Mantri, was the recognized ruler of Larut. Raja 'Abdu'llah was ready to agree
to the residential system or indeed to any other system that would secure his
advancement. He lived at the expense of Kim Ching, the Chinese Consul for Siam
in whose favour he executed a bond making his host collector of the Larut
revenues for ten years, provided Kim Ching could get the British to recognize
his Sultanate. Mr. W. H. Read, a member of Council, took 'Abdu'llah to the
Governor and induced him to write a letter dated 30 December 1873 asking for a
Resident at his court. This was the opening that Sir Andrew had desired. He
took up Raja 'Abdu'llah's cause, thinking—on the facts before him—that it would
be a fair compromise if Raja ' Abdu'llah recognized the Mantri as Mantri, and
the Mantri recognized the Raja as Sultan. It was not a fair compromise. The
British Government had already recognized the Mantri as the independent ruler
of Larut: and the Mantri demurred to being regarded as his rival's subordinate.
Sir Andrew Clarke and Mr. Braddell, unaware of this recognition and in all good
faith, regarded the Mantri as an obstinate and recalcitrant individual who was
making unnecessary difficulties and putting forward indefensible pretensions.
Mr. Braddell's journal of the Pangkor negotiations has to be read in the light
of what was known to the Governor and to himself, and not in the light of the
true facts. Thus when Mr. Braddell says that the Mantri was obliged to admit
that he had no right to the title of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tengku</i>
Mr. Braddell could not have been aware that the Perak use of the title was not
the Singapore use, and that</div>
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previous Mantris had been styled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tengku </i>long before the time of Ibrahim
bin Ja'far: what the Mantri may have admitted was that he was not a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tengku</i> in its Singapore meaning, "
the son of a prince.”</div>
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On 20 January 1874 Sir Andrew Clarke managed to persuade the
Bendahara, the Temenggong and the Mantri to join with the Lower Perak Chiefs,
the Sri Agar 'diraja, the Laksamana (cousin of 'Abdullah's mother) and his
assistant the Raja Mahkota, and the Shahbandar, all of whom really favoured
'Abdullah on account of his mother, to sign the Pangkor treaty. Raja Muda
'Abdullah became Sultan and agreed to accept a British Resident " whose
advice must be asked and acted upon on all questions other than those touching
Malay religion and custom." He was the rightful heir and was intelligent
and Europeanized, and to disallow his claim to the throne because he failed to
attend a funeral seemed to the British " frivolous." In spite of the
formal legality of his election Sultan Isma'il was deposed but was to be given
a title and a pension of $1,000 a month. The Bendahara retained his office. The
Mantri, in disgrace for his vacillating ineffective control of the Larut miners
suffered the eclipse of all his hopes and was retained in his office only
because Sir Andrew thought it would make for peace. He wanted a chair like the
three Rajas present but was pushed down on the deck by Major McNair among the
commoner chiefs. His nominee and friend had lost the Perak throne to Sultan
'Abdullah, the supporter of the Ghi Hins. The Mantri had to foot the bill to
the Colony for Larut disturbances which 'Abdullah had fostered. And he who had
aspired to a throne now became the salaried chief of a province subject to
'Abdullah. No wonder that he openly demurred. It is true that in the middle of
1873 he had written to 'Abdullah promising to vote for his election to the
throne but that was in return for 'Abdullah's promise not to interfere in
Larut; and three or four days after getting the Mantri's letter 'Abdullah had
joined his Chinese enemies. All the chiefs objected to ceding more than the
island of Pangkor to Great Britain but to please his creditor Kim Ching,
'Abdullah consented to cede a strip of the mainland too. </div>
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As soon as the new Sultan had returned well-pleased to Batak
Rabit, the Laksamana and other chiefs held meetings of protest against the
treaty and opined that the cession of the Dindings spelt the cession of Perak.
In the eyes of the Laksamana the one good point about the treaty was that the
Resident could not interfere with Malay custom and they could continue to
capture and enslave as many aborigines as they liked. The Mantri went off and
paid a lawyer a retaining fee of $12,000 to put his case before the British
parliament, a procedure never adopted because 'Abdullah fearful for his throne
vetoed it. Naturally Sultan Isma'il was furious. When Birch and Swettenham went
to Blanja to induce him to surrender the regalia, he professed annoyance
because</div>
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they did not sit cross-legged in
Oriental fashion, and gave them neither boatmen nor elephants for their return
journey. He threatened to kill one Kulop Riau for having built a road and
imported a few hundred Mendelings from Sumatra to open mines at Sungai Raya,
because, he said, roads and mines attracted Europeans: he seized all the tin
and imposed such heavy taxes that the mining population fell from more than two
thousand to four hundred. Meanwhile 'Abdu'llah made haste to feather his nest
before a Resident arrived: he got an advance of $13,000 from a Singapore
Chinese, Cheng Ti, for the right to collect all taxes at the mouth of the Perak
river and, as Mr. Braddell had warned him in July not to give such rights
without the Governor's consent, he made out the agreement in the Shahbandar's
name! </div>
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<br /></div>
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For the post of Resident of Perak was not filled at once.
Captain Speedy, who had been in the Mantri's service and was well acquainted
with local conditions, was appointed Assistant Resident. He was instructed to
see to the immediate and complete disarmament of the Larut Chinese and the
destruction of their stockades. In this work he was assisted by three
Commissioners, one of whom (Mr. Pickering) had exceptional knowledge of Chinese
affairs and amused Chinese coolies by his skill on the bag-pipes! These
officers were able to report on 23 February that they had disarmed and
destroyed every stockade in the country, that they had rescued 45 Chinese women
who had been captured in the disturbances, and that they had induced the rival
Chinese factions to agree to a definite partition of the mines. Peace was
restored. The Chinese, tired with fighting, welcomed the restoration of law and
order; but the Commissioners complained of their treatment at the hands of the
Mantri who was dissatisfied with the subordinate position he had been made to
accept. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The revenue of Larut in the palmy days of the Mantri had
been about $18,000 a month, of which $15,000 had been collected in the form of
royalty and export duty on tin. The revenue from tin in March, 1874, the first
month of the new regime, amounted only to $1,338. The estimated expenditure for
the Larut establishments (exclusive of buildings, public works, launches and
other special expenditure) was put by Captain Speedy at $3,000 a month. By May
the revenue had reached $3,217 with the promise of a still greater increase as
soon as the removal of the overburden enabled the rich tin-deposits to be
tapped in the deeper mines. By the end of the year the financial position of Larut
was satisfactory. Much trouble, however, was caused through attempts made by
Sultan 'Abdu'llah to levy revenue in the district otherwise than through the
ordinary official channels. In March 1874, for example, he had sold to one
'Abdu'l-Karim the right to open mines, rice-fields and plantations on the right
bank of the Krian river, a job that caused trouble for years. And there was
fear of civil war. In August 'Abdu'llah, who always listened to every rumour,
reported</div>
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that ex-Sultan Isma'il and Raja
Yusuf were preparing for hostilities, had in fact already started them with the
son of the Sri Adika Raja at Kuala Tampan and Banggul Belimbing in Upper Perak.
Isma'il hoped still that the Maharaja of Johor was serving his interests and he
declared that he would always accept British advice and denied that he had
conspired with the Raja of Tongkak. </div>
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<br /></div>
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In October 1874, Sir Andrew Clarke, having weighed the
claims of Thomas Braddell, Major McNair and James Wheeler Woodford Birch chose
the last to be first British Resident of Perak. Apparently Sultan 'Abdullah had
asked for him. On December 30 the Governor reported to the Earl of Carnarvon,
then Secretary of State, that " fully conscious of the heavy
responsibility he had assumed in making this selection," he was convinced
that his ability, " his tact and judgment in dealing with natives "
his long experience as a settlement officer in Ceylon and his untiring physical
energy and endurance made Mr. Birch thoroughly competent for a very difficult
task. All appointments to the Malay States were then temporary so that the
selection of officers lay with the Governor. </div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Perak, Malaysia4.807294 100.80000513.7946925 99.5365776 5.8198954999999994 102.06343260000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-10593184184438831292012-03-31T01:27:00.000+08:002012-03-31T01:39:27.301+08:00Chapter VII - THE CHINESE MINERS OF LARUT.<br />
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The district of Larut (with its subdistricts of Krian,
Matang and Selama) lies outside the valley of the Perak River. A narrow tract
of country, situated between the Perak watershed and the sea, it may be said to
have come only within the sphere of influence of the older river-state. Before
the nineteenth century Larut had been virtually a no-man's-land; for the Malay
who loves the banks of great streams saw little to attract him in the desolate
swamp-country by the coast. Of the principal Perak territorial chiefs only one,
the Panglima Bukit Gantang, had any footing in Larut; and he was simply a
warden of the marches guarding the pass that gave access to a large and
isolated district. In 1817 Panglima Alang 'aidin could muster only twelve
muskets at Bukit Gantang to resist the Kedah invaders. But the British
acquisition of Province Wellesley drew attention more and more to the
possibilities of the adjacent districts under Perak rule. In 1861 the Governor
of the Colony congratulated the Sultan of Perak on having leased Krian to a Mr.
Lewis for agriculture for twenty years. The district was beginning to attract
settlers. Larut was in Perak but not of it; it was to owe its population and
prosperity to people from beyond the borders of the state. </div>
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The first man to see the great possibilities of Larut was a
certain Long Ja'far. This Ja'far was not (as is usually believed) a shrewd
trader from Penang or Province Wellesley, but a Perak-born Malay, son of a
minor chief, the Dato' Paduka, and grandson of another petty chief, a Dato'
Johan. As his brother had married a daughter of the Panglima Bukit Gantang,
Long Ja'far came to settle near the present township of Taiping. When he
arrived he found that there were only three Chinese to be exploited in the
whole of Larut; but after the discovery of rich mining land he succeeded in
attracting many more adventurers to the place. His first mines were at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kelian Pauh</i>, where the Taipeng gaol now
stands. At a later date an elephant that was being used by the miners escaped
into the Kamunting jungles and when recaptured was found to be covered with mud
rich in tin. The prospecting done by this elephant led to a rush to Kamunting—to
the " new mines," or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kelian
Baharu</i> as the place came to be called. </div>
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There is a Malay proverb to the effect that a man need not
forget his own interests when working for the State. Long Ja'far acted up to
this rule. Beginning as a mere representative of the Sultan he bought from his
master one after another the various sources of revenue in the province. On 6
November 1850 he obtained his first title to Larut; he received it from the
Raja Muda Ngah 'Ali (acting for the Sultan), the Temenggong, the Panglimas of
Bukit Gantang and Kinta, the Shahbandar and the Sri Adika Raja. The document
runs:</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Chinese Miners of Larut.
Page 79</b></div>
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" Che' Long Ja'far has opened
up one of the provinces of Perak called Larut and all its rivers to make
tin-mines; this he has done by his own diligence and at his own expense. We
express our entire approval of the diligence he has bestowed and the expense he
has incurred in Larut, and his children shall receive the district as their own
property.... What is written in this deed can never be annulled by
anyone." </div>
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<br /></div>
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On 8 November 1856 the then usurper Sultan, Ngah Ja'far,
(unsupported by any chiefs) confirmed in his own name the Raja Muda's grant.
Long Ja'far died and was succeeded by his son, Che' Ngah Ibrahim, a youngster
in the twenties who applied at once to the Sultan for recognition and was
granted powers even greater than those his father had possessed. The new
deed—dated the 24 May 1858, and bearing the seals of Sultan Ngah Ja'far, the
Raja Muda and the Raja Bendahara—contains the following passages: </div>
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" Be it known that after due
deliberation with our princes and chiefs, we bestow a province of this country
of Perak upon Ngah Ibrahim bin Ja'far to be governed by him and to become his
property. Moreover, we make known the boundaries of that dependency to be as
follows: from Larut to Krian and Bagan Tiang—these are the boundaries that make
up the province of Larut ……</div>
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" Now we confirm Long Ja'far's
son's Government; and this cannot be revoked—whether Ngah Ibrahim does well or
wickedly—by anyone who may hold the sovereignty of Perak. </div>
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" Therefore we endow Ngah
Ibrahim with the power of legislation and give him authority to correspond and
to settle matters with other countries and with the British Government without
reference to us three (the Sultan, Raja Muda and Bendahara) or to anyone who
may hold sovereignty in Perak." </div>
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<br /></div>
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Up to now we have been dealing with titular or official
authority. But the Chinese miners played a very important if informal part in
the real government of Larut. They were immigrants from many different
districts, and were divided by their clannish ideals of patriotism into as many
warring elements. In time these elements formed themselves into coalitions, one
representing four and the other five of the Chinese districts from which the
miners came. Given Chinese clannishness and the party-spirit engendered by
their masonic societies, any petty quarrel between the men of two rival
villages had in it the seeds of a clan-fight, a general riot or even civil war.
It is a hard task to follow the trail of the truth through the maze of the
Larut disturbances, but it is lightened if we keep closely to the main line of
cleavage, that between the</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 80 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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" Four Districts " <sup>1</sup>
who were members of the Ghi Hin Triad Society and the " Five
Districts" <sup>2</sup> who belonged to the Hai San and Toa-Peh-Kong
organizations. The Ghi-Hins were mostly Cantonese, bound by an oath and the
drinking of one another's blood: at initiation a new member swore that at the
Society's order he would attend marriage, funeral or fight, and assist
fellow-members to escape from justice even if guilty of arson, robbery or
murder. In 1867 at Penang there were 25,000 Ghi-Hins or one-fifth of the
Settlement's population. While the Ghi-Hin society was centuries old, the
Toa-Peh-Kong society was instituted by Hokkiens in Penang about 1840 and had
only 5,000 members, the roll including most of the wealthy merchants of Beach
Street and the makers and dealers in arms and ammunition. From the day of its
foundation the Toa-Peh-Kong society had been antagonistic to the Ghi-Hins. </div>
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<br /></div>
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In 1862 the mines at Klian Pauh<sup>3 </sup>were being
worked by Hai San men under a leader named Chang Keng Kwi while the Kamunting
mines a few miles away were the scene of the labours of Ghi Hin men under So Ah
Chiang. Separation made for peace. But it chanced that some Ghi Hin men were
staying temporarily at Klian Pauh and one of them was imprudent enough to get
mixed up in a brawl in the gaming-saloon. At once there arose the party cry,
" Kill, kill these interlopers "; and fourteen unhappy wretches were
seized and locked up for the night in the lodge of the Hai San Society. Mercy
did not come with the morning. A sharpened bamboo was thrust into each man's throat
so that his life-blood might spurt through to dye the banners of the lodge. One
man only of the fourteen lived to tell the tale. Kamunting was in a ferment at
once. Any luckless Klian Pauh miner who happened to pass through the village
was lynched; and tribal war broke out between the two villages. Both sides
appealed to the Malay head of the district. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Ngah Ibrahim was an opportunist. As soon as he saw that the
Hai-San men (who had begun the disturbances) were the stronger party he threw
in his lot with them, put to death So Ah Chiang, and drove the Ghi Hin men out
of Larut. The dispossessed miners appealed to the British Government. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Colonel Cavenagh, Governor of the Straits, did not disregard
the appeal. He sent a ship of war to the Perak coast to get settlement of a
claim for damages by Go Kuan British subjects, assessed by the Sultan's agent,
the Laksamana, at $17,447.04. When payment was not made, he ordered a blockade
of the coast. Sultan Ja'far could neither pay nor force the Larut chief to pay.
He could only implore Ngah Ibrahim to be reasonable. Ngah Ibrahim offered to
pay if it was made worth his while. He also had been suffering from the
blockade and was prepared to yield, but he asked for a further concession of
authority. The Sultan </div>
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<i><sup>1</sup> Si-Kuan.
<sup> 2</sup> Go-Kuan. <sup>3</sup> Now Taipeng.</i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Chinese Miners of Larut.
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was ready to grant it. Ngah Ibrahim
paid the money in May, 1862, and on 12 June 1862 Sultan Ja'far informed
Governor Cavenagh that Che' Ngah Ibrahim had had restored to him the government
of Larut with full powers and his father-in-law the Laksamana to advise him.
Relieved of anxiety the Governor now wrote to the Sultan, requesting that he
would stick to Low's treaty and not impose a duty of more than $6 a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> on tin. </div>
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On 23 October 1863 Ngah Ibrahim was granted the title of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Orang Kaya Mantri</i>, a title of the
highest rank in Perak, and received a document recognising him as ruler of the
whole country from the Krian river in the north to the Bruas river in the
south. " We give the government of the aforesaid entire country to the
Orang Kaya Mantri, whether he acts well or ill, with all its subjects and its
soldiers, its lands and its waters, its timber, its plants and rattans, its <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">damar</i>, its shells, its mines, its hills
and its mountains, and all the immigrants who dwell thereon, whether they be
Chinese or Dutch—with power to frame laws and to admit men to the Muhammadan
religion, to kill, to fine and to pardon and (as our representative) to give in
marriage the guardianless. ... If any man makes disturbances or disowns the
Mantri's authority, he commits a sin against God, against Muhammad and against
Us. If he disown the Mantri, we will seize his property; if he resist the
Mantri, we will kill him." </div>
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<br /></div>
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On 31 March 1864 after due deliberation with rajas and
chiefs Sultan Ja'far " bestowed a dependency of the country of Perak upon
Ngah Ibrahim bin Ja'far to be governed by him. ... He can govern them as he
pleases and make any laws he thinks fit... . The wishes and laws of Ngah Ibrahim
are our own laws also. Let every one remember this and do not dispute the laws
of Ngah Ibrahim bin Ja'far." </div>
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Had Ngah Ibrahim now got a freehold title and absolute
possession of Larut or was he merely enjoying the usufruct of the province in
accordance with the usual Malay law of land tenure and so long as he could
govern it effectually? He claimed absolute right, though in 1874 at Pangkor
Thomas Braddell advised that he enjoyed only the usufruct and had forfeited
that by his mal-administration. </div>
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<br /></div>
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For the moment Ngah Ibrahim was the actual ruler of Larut.
Had he been of royal birth, he might have been accepted by all as an
independent prince, but the lack of this condition prejudiced his claim to
sovereignty. Among Europeans he was known as the " Raja of Larut " or
as the " Mantri of Larut." Among Malays his office gave him a right
to the designation of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tengku</i>, a title
given generally to royalty, but in Perak to the highest commoner chiefs. His
seal suggested his pretensions. In short his position was one which an able man
might have converted in time into a Sultanate; but it exposed its holder to the
feelings of jealousy and</div>
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hatred that dog the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nouveau riche</i>. Ngah Ibrahim was not
quite equal to the opportunities that had come his way. He was a man of ability
and ambition; he built a road, maintained a small police force, and made some
slight effort to govern the country on European lines, while at the same time
he strove to earn popularity among his countrymen by entertaining all comers
lavishly at his home near Bukit Gantang. A Malay, it was natural that he should
overvalue the applause and support of the Malays while he under-rated the
strength and intelligence of the Chinese. He knew that the miners could have no
political ambitions in a desolate country which they visited only for
money-making. He misread the lesson of 1862 into thinking that even if
clan-fights arose they must end in the destruction of one or other party and
the further assertion of Malay predominance. Drawing a large revenue (some
$200,000 a year or more) from his dominion over Larut he was content to
maintain his authority with a force of not more than 40 constables and to leave
his 40,000 Chinese subjects to govern themselves through their own masonic
lodges. They lived unmolested in their mining-camps; he was content to hold the
toll-stations on the coast and levy duty on all exports and imports. </div>
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The conditions of life in 'the mining-camps were
discreditable to all concerned. The annual death rate was about fifty per
cent.; it was heaviest among coolies engaged in clearing the jungle or in
opening new mines. High rates of profit attracted others to fill vacancies; but
those rates were misleading. The mine-owners received as royalty in kind a
large percentage of the tin mined by the coolies, bought the rest of the tin at
rates below the market-price, supplied the coolies with the necessaries of life
at a very high figure, and owned the opium saloons and gambling dens in which
the coolies' surplus gains were dissipated The coolies perished, but the
mine-owners became wealthy men and soon left the hard life of Larut for the
amenities of Chinese society in Penang. The local control of the mines passed
from the wealthy owners to impecunious and irresponsible relatives and
attorneys who were bent on becoming rich in their turn. At the time of the
troubles in 1862 the leading Hai-San Chinese at Klian Pauh was Chang Keng Kwi;
and the Ghi Hin leader who succeeded So Ah Chiang at Kamunting was Ho Ghi Siu.
Ten years later both these leaders were wealthy residents of Penang; and their
mines were managed by their attorneys. Li Ah Kun, Ghi Siu's attornev, was
accused of an intrigue with the wife of a near relative of Ah Kwi. This scandal
came to light at a time when the passions of both sides were inflamed by a
boundary dispute. Ah Kwi's men seized Li Ah Kun and the accused lady, placed
each of them in one of the crate-like baskets used by Chinese for the transport
of pigs; and, after marching them about for some time in this ignominious
guise, ended by submerging the pair in the waters of a disused alluvial mine
and holding them there till life was extinct. This outrage caused Ho Ghi Siu's
men to take up</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Chinese Miners of Larut. Page 83</b></div>
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arms at once. The elders of the
great lodges intervened. To avoid the losses entailed by clan-fights a system
of arbitration had been set up; and it was agreed that a sum of $2,000 should
be paid by instalments as compensation to the heirs of Li Ah Kun. The first
instalment was paid. Before the second instalment could be paid a further
dispute had arisen and had led to riots. There was now a small civil war in
Larut. </div>
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The Hai-San miners outnumbered the Ghi Hin in the proportion
of nearly two to one. In the riots of 1862 they had driven their opponents out
of the country; and since that time they had always been supported by the
Mantri as they were the stronger side. The Ghi Hin miners had taken the lesson
to heart. Numerically the weaker, they had prepared for war by laying in
supplies of munitions and engaging professional fighting men. These men made a
bold attack upon the over-confident Hai-San miners, drove them out of their
camps, and hustled them into the Mantri's fort at Matang. By 26 March 1872 the
Ghi Hin (or Si-Kuan) faction had completely beaten the Hai San (or Go-Kuan)
faction. </div>
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The Mantri was in a dilemma. He had supported the Hai-San
men since 1862 in the belief that their superior numbers made them the stronger
party. He found now that he had backed the wrong side. He had the mortification
of seeing the Larut mines, the source of his revenues, in the hands of enemies;
and he wrote at once to Sir Harry Ord, the Governor of the Straits, to explain
that he had permitted the ingress of professional fighters because he
understood that they were to be used for fighting only the miners, but that
they had proved to be " bad men " who were prepared to fight anybody
and had even attacked his Malay police. Meanwhile he engaged (at a cost of
$15,000) junks and other transport to take the Hai-San refugees to Penang. As
soon as he had got rid of their embarrassing presence he began to make
overtures to the victorious Ghi Hin. He was indifferent which side won, so long
as he continued to receive the revenues of Larut. </div>
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As soon as the Hai-San miners reached a haven of safety in
Penang, they began to petition Governor Ord for redress. Governor Ord sent the
petitions to the Mantri, and expressed the hope that " his friend " would
do what was right in the matter. " His friend " could not do
anything. The Hai-San miners had brought expulsion on themselves: it takes two
sides to make a riot, and their side was not the weaker. Some non-committal
answer had to be sent, so the Mantri replied by saying that the petitioners'
statements were untrue. Sir Harry Ord in his turn pointed out to the Hai-San
men that Larut lay outside his jurisdiction and that the British Government had
no right to interfere. </div>
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It was a weak line to take. The passions aroused by
blood-shed and civil war cannot be calmed by legal quibbles or by a policy of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">laisser faire</i>. The Hai-San miners in
Penang turned from</div>
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the written to the unwritten law and
began to buy arms and ammunition with a view to the reconquest of their
property. They even attempted the life of their chief enemy, the Ghi Hin leader
Ho Ghi Siu, at his Penang residence. It was now the turn of the Mantri and of
Ho Ghi Siu to appeal to the British Government against the policy of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">laisser faire</i>. They begged Sir Harry Ord
and the Acting Lieutenant-Governor to put an end to the conspiracies against
the peace of Larut. To add to the confusion, Raja Muda 'Abdu'llah of Perak, who
claimed to be the rightful Sultan, angry because the Mantri supported Sultan
Isma'il, gave written authority to the victorious Ghi Hins to fight vigorously,
promising if they won to defray half their expenses and lease them the Larut
mines! He even gave them his seal which a Ghi-Hin baker affixed to a letter to
the Lieutenant-Governor, Penang! Again just before the death of Sultan 'Ali,
'Abdu'llah, angry because the Mantri would not give him money, granted a needy
Eurasian, Mr. Bacon, a fifteen years' lease of the Krian farms for $5,500 a
year. Bacon wanted the Mantri's signature but the Mantri reported it to Sultan
'Ali, who published a notice in the Penang paper that he annulled the lease as
no one but the Sultan could give it. Now in 1872 Bacon, still anxious to
recover his money, was trying to levy taxes on rice, wood and rattans as well
as a head tax in the north of Larut, showing documents from 'Abdu'llah and the
Mantri selling him the farms over an area of 800 square miles for $2,000! Mr.
(later Sir) George W. R. Campbell, Acting Lieutenant-Governor of Penang, warned
Abdu'llah and Bacon not to break the law. </div>
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<br /></div>
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For the Hai-Sans warnings were useless. A red-faced Hai-San
Chinese brought a bogus action for debt against the Mantri and seized his
warship, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Betara Bayu</i>, under an
order of the court, at the very moment when the Hai-San junks set sail. The
acting Lieutenant-Governor could do nothing to stop them. On 16 October 1872 he
followed the little armada with his seven marine policemen; but as the junks
cleared for action and " seemed very determined," he did not like to
take the responsibility for violent measures. On 18 October he returned to
Penang and let the miners fight it out. By the time that the order of court had
done its work and the Mantri's steamer had been released, the Hai-San junks had
reached Larut and were taking full advantage of the opportunities their legal
advisers had put in their way. When the Hai-San junks first arrived off the
coast the Ghi Hin leaders had left their mining-camps and were at Matang
discussing the appointment of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Capitan
China</i>. For the moment their men were leaderless and could not resist the
well-organized surprise attack made upon them. Hundreds perished in the
fighting; several hundred more died of exposure or privation in the jungle. In
October 1872 two thousand refugees found their way to Penang, of whom more than
a hundred were wounded. All the Ghi-Hin women fell into the hands of their
enemies. A few preferred suicide to dishonour; the rest were divided</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Chinese Miners of Larut.
Page 85</b></div>
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up between the Hai-San headmen and
the Mantri's chiefs, for (the Mantri had taken up once more his old policy of
siding with the victors. </div>
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The influx of wounded and ruined fugitives and the fate of
their womenfolk roused the Ghi Hin faction in Penang to passionate wrath.
Reconciliation was impossible. There was no serious appeal to the Governor who
on 26 October issued a proclamation calling attention to Sections 125 and 126
of the Penal Code! The Ghi Hin leader, Ho Ghi Siu, bought up junks and enlisted
fighting-men in order to beat his opponents at their own game. In December,
1872, he raided the Larut coast and seized Matang. That was as far as he could
go. The strength of the Hai San miners and the difficult character of the
country made it impossible for him to reconquer the mines. He then changed his
methods. He began to blockade the coast. No tin could be exported, no food
imported. Early in January the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fair
Malacca</i>, a small vessel flying the British flag, was fired at by the Ghi
Hin junks and forbidden to enter the Larut river. As no blockade by such
lawless belligerents could be regarded as legal, the senior naval officer
(Captain Denison) was called upon as " a policeman of the seas" to
seize the junks that had been guilty of this " piratical attack " on
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fair Malacca</i>. On entering the
Larut river he found a number of vessels fully manned and armed, with
boarding-nets ready and stinkpots at their mastheads. Their crews described
themselves merely as Ho Ghi Siu's men. No resistance was offered when Captain
Denison seized two junks which were recognized as having taken part in the
" attack," and there was no protest beyond a request that the
treatment might be meted out by Captain Denison to Hai San men also. </div>
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The seizure of these junks did not end the blockade but it
changed its character. The Ghi Hin leaders abandoned junk-warfare for the use
of long war-boats or war-canoes, each manned by twenty or twenty-five men.
These boats could escape with ease from any cutter or war-junk or heavy
steam-launch; their range of action was great owing to their light draught and
the length of the inland waterways; and their powers of offence were serious
when they were massed in any numbers in a tortuous and narrow tidal river. The
war became a river-war. The coast of Larut is a maze of interlaced tidal creeks
and rivers, which enabled the boats to raid the sugar-plantations and
fishing-villages as well as the mines, to spread the area of disturbance, and
to interfere still further with the Hai San food-supplies. Distress was acute
both among the Hai San men in the mines and among the Ghi Hin men in the boats,
who in their turn were being denied access to the sea. Bloodshed was not great,
as the fightingmen were out for loot rather than for slaughter; still, once at
least a war-boat was seen to be carrying a ghastly cargo of newly-severed human
heads.</div>
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Early in 1873 the Mantri had decided that Larut was not a
safe place of residence for a trimmer. He moved to the lower reaches of the
Krian river (which then formed the boundary between the Colony and Perak); and
to make escape into Colonial territory still easier, he lived in a boat. In
February he recognised 'Abdu'llah as Sultan, while 'Abdullah recognised him as
Mantri. In April 'Abdu'llah came to the Krian river. The Chinese leaders had
ceased to pay for legal whitewash, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de
jure</i> rights and the help of helpless Malay chiefs. On board the Mantri's
little steamer 'Abdu'llah even conferred the title of Raja Muda on his old
rival Raja Yusuf. On April 14 " Sultan " 'Abdu'llah and the Laksamana
signed a document containing the following passage:—" We acknow-ledge and
confirm the Orang Kaya Mantri, even as before so during our reign, to hold for
ever the Government of Larut and its dependencies. This cannot be
changed." But they fell out again a few weeks later. In July the Mantri
had secured the services of Captain Speedy of the Penang police and sent him to
India to recruit sepoys. </div>
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The period from February to August, 1873, was one of serious
anxiety for the British authorities. River war-fare was going on; raids were
common; the fighting was coming closer and closer to the British border. The
roving bands were beginning to attach themselves to individual leaders or to
plunder indiscriminately without any leader at all. It was ceasing to be a
question of " Ghi Hin " or " Hai San " : a band of ruffians
flying a red flag with a white border would be recognized as " Koh Bu An's
men "; a black flag with a red border indicated that they were " Ho
Ghi Siu's men ": and so on. Other bands were openly piratical. Clan-fights
and fights on a small scale between the partisans of Chinese " towkays
" began to take place in Penang and were assisted by a close alliance
between certain local lawyers and the Larut belligerents. Convictions were hard
to obtain in a country where false witnesses could be suborned and witnesses of
truth terrified into silence. The lawyers could always give the whole piratical
struggle a coating of legal whitewash by securing for the marauders the
patronage of some <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de-jure</i> Malay
Chief. If a Cantonese professional free-booter happened to be caught plundering
a trading-junk, the capture was usually followed by a lawyer's letter saying
that the freebooter was a soldier employed by the " Sultan "
(Abdullah) or by " the Raja" (the Mantri), as the case might be.
Indeed at a later date the captain of one of Her Majesty's ships found a Penang
solicitor living in a piratical stockade on the Larut river, and expressed very
bluntly his disbelief of the lawyer's assurance that he was there for
amusement. </div>
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In August, 1873, the fear of Chinese civil war in Penang
forced Lieutenant-Governor Anson to take action. On 10 August he called a
meeting of rival leaders at his office. There were present: the Mantri, Raja
'Abdu'llah, Ho Ghi Siu (Ghi Hin), </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Chinese Miners of Larut. Page 87</b></div>
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and Chang Ah Kwi (Hai San), besides
Captain Grant of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Midge</i> and Tengku
Zia-u'd-din, Regent of Selangor. The Lieutenant-Governor induced both parties
to consent to an armistice pending arbitration by himself. But it was one thing
to agree in Penang to an armistice, and quite another matter to get the Larut
belligerents to lay down their arms. The only member of the conference who was
prepared to attempt the impossible was Raja 'Abdu'llah who had nothing to lose
and whose assurances were taken too seriously. He started at once for Larut on
board H.M.S<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Midge</i>, and issued the
following proclamation: </div>
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'' Having signed an agreement with the Tengku Mantri of
Larut, yesterday the 10th day of August, 1873, in the presence of the
Honourable Colonel Anson, Lieutenant-Governor of Penang; Tengku Zia-u'd-din,
Viceroy of Selangor; Commander Grant of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">H.M.S.</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Midge</i>; Ho Ghi Siu; Sayid Zin; Chang
Ah Kwi; Tengku Yusuf and others;—to the effect that we intend to put an end to
the hostilities that are at present going on at Larut, I hereby order you the
Headmen of the Sin-Neng, Teo-Chiu and Hui-Chiu factions, with your armed junks
and boats to come out of the rivers and creeks of Larut with all possible
despatch, and come and anchor close to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">H.M.S.</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Midge</i>, now anchored outside the Larut
River. If you fail to obey this order you must take the consequences. Again, if
you have disputes to settle, the headmen and towkays of either faction can go
to Penang and refer the disputes to the Lieutenant-Governor. Lastly I order
that all your headmen and towkays who are now at Larut will come on board the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Midge</i>, and meet me." </div>
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Raja 'Abdu'llah had counted on the help of Ho Ghi Siu, whose
word was law in Ghi Hin circles. Ho Ghi Siu was in no mood to support his
" chief "; he gave every one the slip and stayed behind in Penang.
Raja 'Abdu'llah made excuses but was afraid to admit his weakness. He went
unwillingly to Larut, refused to land lest his " followers " should
fire on him, and declined to authorize any attempt to force a passage into the
river. Though the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Midge</i> was
accompanied by two steamers full of rice for the starving miners, the whole
flotilla had to return to Penang with its mission unfulfilled. The Ghi Hin men
refused to lay down their arms. </div>
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On 14 August Captain Grant returned to Penang and reported
what had happened. Raja 'Abdu'llah wrote as follows to Colonel Anson: "We
inform our friend that we went to Larut in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Midge</i>, accompanied by the Mantri. We wished to put a stop to the
Chinese disturbances at Larut, but the towkays and headmen did not go with us;
moreover at the time we met our friend we stated that if those headmen did not
go with us we should be unable to settle the disturbances. At the present time
we are not well enough to meet our friend. When we have recovered we will come
and meet our friend." </div>
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The failure of this attempt to settle matters by arbitration
put Ho Ghi Siu and his Ghi Hin associates in the wrong. Colonel Anson turned to
the other side, telegraphed to Governor Ord (who left at once for Penang), and
approved of the Mantri's plan to recruit Indian troops and employ Captain
Speedy of the Penang police for service in Larut. Raja 'Abdu'llah was furious.
On 2 August he wrote two letters protesting against the employment of British
subjects in Perak and deposing he Mantri from all his offices:— </div>
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" How often have we told the Mantri to step in and end
the disturbances created by these Chinese? But the Chinese go on making
trouble, and the Mantri will not hearken to our advice. He has left Larut and
is now living in Penang where he hatches deep-laid schemes aiming at dominion
over all Perak. Larut is become a waste; and as for Ngah Ibrahim bin Ja'far, a
native of Perak and a slave of our father and of us, great indeed is his sin
towards us. He is a traitor to us and does not pay allegiance to Perak.
Moreover he calls himself <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tengku</i>,
which means that he is the son of a great Raja; and he has made himself a
larger seal, putting on it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Paduka Seri
Maharaja Ibrahim bin Ja'far Manteri Perak</i>, which is a great crime under the
customary law of Perak. Now therefore from Wednesday 21 August, 1873, we annul
all the powers that he has received from former Sultans and the powers that he
has received from us, and all his titles. Never again may he hold sway in any
province of Perak." </div>
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When Governor Ord arrived at Penang he answered this letter
by inviting Raja 'Abdullah to a conference on Larut affairs. The Raja replied
on 2 September, " We also would like very much to meet our friend; but we
are unable to do so this time as we are suffering from a slight sickness; so we
send our Panglima Besar along with our lawyer to the meeting." But the
Governor had no wish to meet these gentlemen. </div>
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On 3 September 1873 Sir Henry Ord took the decisive step of
recognizing the Mantri as the independent ruler of Larut and of throwing the
whole weight of British support on the side of that chief and of the Hai-San
Chinese. " As I am satisfied, from the various documents which the Orang
Kaya Mantri has produced, that he is the lawful ruler of Larut and, as such,
independent of the Sultan or any authority in Perak, he will now be recognized
by the Government as the independent ruler of Larut." This decision was
conveyed to the Mantri in a letter dated 5 September, and was repeated in an
ambiguous way in the Legislative Council on 9th September. The Governor also
repealed in the Mantri's favour the proclamation forbidding the export of arms
to Larut. </div>
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The dependence of Larut on Perak meant divided authority,
rival leaders and a continuance of civil war. Sir Harry Ord hoped to restore order
in Larut by depriving the recalcitrant Ghi Hin</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Chinese Miners of Larut.
Page 89</b></div>
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party of its supplies of arms and
ammunition and by permitting the Mantri to recruit troops and buy military
stores. The plan was good in a limited way. Its success could not be immediate,
and it failed to remove the real grievances of the Ghi Hin whose mines and
women-folk were to be left in the possession of those very doubtful guardians
of law and order the Hai-San miners and the Mantri. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The disturbances continued. On 12 and 13 September Malay
vessels were plundered and their sailors killed. On 15 September Captain Grant
of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Midge</i> was proceeding up the
Larut river in his gig, followed by a small Malay schooner, when he was
attacked by two Ghi Hin warboats. The Malay at the schooner's tiller left his
post at the first sign of danger and allowed his vessel to fly up into the wind
and run aground. While the naval men were trying to get the schooner off the
mudbank they were subjected to a heavy fire and returned to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Midge</i> with two young officers wounded.
The<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Midge</i> then went back to Penang. </div>
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Meanwhile Raja 'Abdu'llah and his Ghi Hin friends had not
been idle. On 15 September some of the latter blew up the Mantri's private
residence at Penang, wounding five men and killing a policeman. Two days later
Raja 'Abdu'llah wrote that some Ghi Hin men had been unlucky enough to wound
two British officers of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Midge </i>while
defending themselves against a piratical attack by the Mantri, and he asked
that vengeance might be taken on the Mantri as the real culprit. But in spite
of this explanation and of the outcries of the Ghi Hin lawyer, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Midge</i> and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thalia</i> shelled the stockades at Selinsing, captured two junks and a
longboat, and inflicted serious losses on the " pirates." On that
same day a small Malay trader was attacked by warboats; six of the crew were
killed or wounded and the sum of $544 was carried off. On 22 September Raja
'Abdu'llah suddenly appeared on the scene in a steamer; he also was captured
and taken back to Penang. On 29 September Captain Speedy sailed for Larut with
a flotilla of two steamers and fifteen small sailing-craft to convey arms,
munitions and stores to the Hai San miners. Raja Yusuf, whom 'Abdu'llah had
left in charge of Bukit Gantang fled, and Speedy occupied it. The Ghi Hin
miners temporarily cowed and driven from the coast did not lay down their arms
and were still formidable. Lieutenant-Governor Anson kept complaining that the
Mantri and Captain Speedy were more intent on working the mines than on
suppressing piracy; the Mantri replied that he was strong enough to hold the
mines but not to put an end to the warboats. Governor Ord left the country and
Sir Andrew Clarke succeeded him. The Ghi Hin men had not been hunted down, but
they were being blockaded and starved. To seaward lay the British gunboats; to
landward were Captain Speedy and his Sikhs. The end was merely a matter of
time. On 20 January 1874 at Pangkor the headmen of both Chinese factions signed
an agreement to pay Her Majesty</div>
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Queen Victoria $50,000 if they
failed to live in Larut peaceably and in accordance with the law. They
consented to have their forces disarmed and their stockades destroyed. On 23
February the Commissioners appointed for this latter task (Captain Dunlop,
Messrs. F. A. Swettenham and W. A. Pickering) reported that it was done. The
Commissioners also rescued and restored to their relatives a large number of
Chinese women, including one taken as a concubine by the Mantri, who complained
that she had been beaten not only by her lord's wife but also by the Mantri
himself, unstable in love as in policy.</div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Taiping, Perak, Malaysia4.854099 100.73757494.790812 100.6586109 4.917386 100.8165389tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-18549374712840153772012-03-31T01:17:00.000+08:002012-03-31T01:20:31.935+08:00Chapter VI - BUGIS, SIAM AND THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY.<br />
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At the beginning of the eighteenth century Bugis from
Celebes began to play in Peninsular affairs that leading part they were
destined to maintain throughout that century. Great traders and seaman, they
earned enough to enable them to purchase chain armour and to confront swords
and clumsy cannon with muskets and blunderbusses. Moreover they evolved some
sort of tactics and, as compared with the Malays, possessed a science of war. </div>
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As early as 1717 there were Bugis forces at Langat and five
years later one of the five famous Bugis leaders of that day, Daing Parani, is
said to have married the daughter of a Bugis Yam-tuan of Selangor. In 1722 the
Bugis finally expelled from Riau Raja Kechil, the Minangkabau pretender to the
Johor throne, and established as ruler of Johor and Pahang their own legitimate
puppet Sulaiman ibni Sultan 'Abdu'l-Jalil Shah. Next they sailed to Kedah and
established the eldest son of its deceased ruler on the throne of his fathers:
warfare accomplished, Daing Parani married the sister of the new Sultan, and a
few months later led his forces back to Riau. Thereupon the younger brother of
the new Sultan of Kedah invited the Minangkabau pretender, Raja Kechil, to come
and support his rival claim to the throne. Nothing loath to thwart in Kedah the
Bugis whom he could not drive from Riau, the irrepressible Sumatran warrior
accepted the invitation. The Bugis decided to intervene again as Raja Kechil
was certain to renew his attacks on Riau if he were successful in Kedah. The
ensuing campaign lasted two years. Kedah trade was ruined. Daing Parani was
killed. In the end Raja Kechil was defeated and returned to Siak. </div>
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The Kedah campaign affected its neighbour. At some time
before his death in 1728 Klana Putra, namely Daing Merewah, first Yam-tuan Muda
of Riau, invaded Perak. 'Ala'u'd-din Mughayat Shah was then Sultan of that
State. During his reign this ruler was attacked by his younger brother Muzaffar
Shah who invaded Perak from Bernam (and therefore probably with Bugis aid from
Selangor). Muzaffar Shah worsted the Bendahara and the up-river chiefs: "
the Bendahara, Megat Iskandar, disappeared and Megat Terawis took his
place." The royal brothers were reconciled. It looks as if this were the
fighting to which the same Perak manuscript that gives these details alludes
with the sententious awe that always marks its references to the Bugis: "
the country was thrown into confusion, and tumult was caused by the invasion of
a Bugis, Klana. However by the help of God and the intercession of His Prophet it
came to nothing and the enemy departed." Malay folk-lore with vague
memories of the Bugis Kedah campaign against the Minangkabau Raja Kechil talks
of a warrior Megat </div>
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61</div>
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Terawis son of a concubine of the
ruler of Minangkabau acquiring the office of Perak Bendahara by force of arms
and it gives his name the Kedah dialect form of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Terawis</i> instead of the ordinary form <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Terawih</i>. Anyhow in one of these disturbances consequent on trouble
in Kedah Tan Saban must have fallen, last of the old Malacca house to be
Bendahara of Perak, and the seal of that great office passed into other hands.
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Misa Melayu</i> tells us that at
Kuala Kangsar Sultan Muzaffar Shah had the son of a Kedah raja for his
Bendahara and later one Megat Pendia and finally a Sayid, Sharif Abubakar. </div>
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Some time afterwards in the reign of Sultan Muzaffar there
was another Bugis invasion of Perak under Daing Chelak who died in 1745. "
All the Perak chiefs were at loggerheads so that in the commotion it was
impossible to tell friend from foe and even the regalia were nearly endangered.
The condition of the Yang di-pertuan," Sultan Muzaffar, " was
indescribable not so much on account of the fighting as on account of want of unanimity
among his counsellors. At last some of the chiefs joined the Bugis, who then
took possession of the regalia. Thereupon the Dato' Bendahara and the chiefs
" promoted the Sultan's younger brother Raja Bisnu " from Raja Muda
to be Sultan " with the title Muhammad Shah—Muzaffar Shah only regained
his throne seven years later when his younger brother died. Of this second
Bugis invasion of Perak there is a garbled account in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Misa Melayu</i>:— in the time of Muzaffar Shah " Sultan Berkabat a
Minangkabau Raja attacked Bukit Gantang," namely from Kedah. " He had
been a favorite of Sultan Muzaffar Shah at Kuala Kangsar, and now with two
Bugis rajas Daing Matkah and Daing Menchela' he returned claiming to have been
adopted by the Sultan as his son. There was severe fighting until Raja Muda
Iskandar defeated the adventurers and drove them back to Kuala Pengkalan."
According to a history of Johor the date of this second invasion of Perak was
1742 and the Bugis Yam-tuan Muda of Selangor took part in it. Riau chronicles
relate that Raja di-Baroh 'Abdul'1-Jalil, son of Sultan Sulaiman of Lingga,
also took part in this " conquest of Perak from Selangor." </div>
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The same history of Johor relates that at some time between
the death of Sultan Sulaiman of the Riau-Lingga empire in 1760 and the death of
Daing Kemboja, Yam-tuan Muda of Riau, in 1777, the Bugis Raja (Lumu) of
Selangor was given the title of Sultan Salahu'd-din Shah by a Sultan of Perak
at Pangkor and was later installed in Selangor in the presence of Perak chiefs.
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Misa Melayu</i> says that this
happened in the reign of Sultan Mahmud (or Muhammad) Shah who ascended the
Perak throne about 1765 when he made a treaty with the Dutch. Netscher, a
careful historian relates how already in January 1756 Sultan Sulaiman of Lingga
sent a letter to Daing Kemboja (Raja Muda of Linggi), Raja Tua of Klang and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sultan Salahu'd-din rider of</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Selangor</i>,
asking whether or not they recognised him as their overlord. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tuhjat al-Nafis</i> suggests that the
installation was a bright idea that struck the Perak ruler while Raja Lumu was
" amusing himself " at Pangkor, and it adds that the Sultan of Perak
was present at the installation of Sultan Salahu'd-din in Selangor and contracted
a treaty of amity with him. Soon afterwards the Raja Muda and other Perak
chiefs were invited to Selangor for the wedding of Salahu'd-din's daughter to
Raja 'Abdu'llah son of the ruler of Kedah and on their return were escorted by
their host as far as Kuala Bernam. </div>
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Of the next Bugis visit to Perak the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Misa Melayu</i> gives a vivid picture. That romantic warrior, Raja
Haji, called on the Sultan of Selangor to arrange an attack on Kedah. They then
visited Perak together and to the dismay of the Dutch anchored a flotilla of
twenty boats above their fort. The Laksamana and Shahbandar went upstream to
the island Indra Mulia for instructions, reporting that the Pangeran's
intentions were alleged to be " nasty." Sultan Mahmud having no
choice declared himself unafraid and ordered that Raja Haji and the Sultan of
Selangor should be escorted upstream. On arrival Raja Haji was too impressed
with the august presence of Sultan Mahmud, his warriors and his boats to
nurture evil designs! The visitors merely asked the hand of Sultan Mahmud's
niece for the Sultan of Selangor. Sultan Mahmud consented but was furiously
angry when it was suggested that the marriage should take place before the
Bugis flotilla left the Perak river. Raja Haji, confident of the result of his
formidable visit, sailed on to his successful (1770 A.D.) invasion of Kedah and
left Sultan Salahu'd-din behind to be married. At Teluk Pedada off the Perak
coast Raja Haji had a son borne to him, Raja Ja'far, afterwards Yam-tuan Muda
of Riau. So out of Perak history passed the greatest fighter of all the warlike
Bugis, to be shot down in 1784 before Malacca, a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">badik</i> in one hand, a Muslim tract in the other, his followers about
his knees, an unpainted Delacroix. How this debonair warrior would have smiled
over the respectful reference to his visit in one Perak history:—" the
army of the Pangeran Raja Bugis entered Perak and he had audience with the
King, but by the help of God most High and of the royal dignity, no evil or
misfortune ensued to His Highness or to the people of Perak.'' </div>
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In 1772 the Kedah Sultan refused to think of allowing the
Madras Government a settlement at Penang unless it undertook to send a force to
aid him against Selangor. </div>
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About 1800 Sultan Ibrahim of Selangor went to Lingga and
stayed there two years endeavouring to get his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bugis</i> nephew Raja 'Ali created Yamtuan Muda of Riau which office
for years had been in possession of Engku Muda, son of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Malay</i> Temenggong Tun 'Abdu'l-Jamal. During this time an embassy
came from Perak offering the throne of that State to Mahmud, Malay Sultan of
Johor, Pahang, Riau. Lingga, the Kerimuns and Singapore.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 64 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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Evidently the Malay occupation of
Riau had led Perak to over-estimate the power of Sultan Mahmud as against the
Bugis. Anyhow Sultan Ibrahim proceeded in force to Perak to demand why Perak
had broken the agreement which was like one coverlet for them both, that night
in Perak should be night in Selangor, sickness in Perak be sickness in Selangor
and the demise of a ruler of either State be announced to the other State. The
Laksamana of Perak asked for ten days to report to his master at Rantau
Panjang. But after three days the Perak people closed the bar of their river
and started shooting. The Selangor warriors reserving fire till their ships
were alongside took first one fort and then another. Perak was worsted, and
from 1804 to 1806 was subject to Sultan Ibrahim. In 1805 (A.H. 1220) that
potentate, announcing to the British Government his intention of blockading the
Perak river, wrote:— " the people of Pinang must not go to Perak at
present, for Perak from the river Kurau to Beting Bras Basah is my country.
This country I have taken by force of powder and ball, with which custom the
Governor of Penang is acquainted." Twenty years afterwards in 1825 the
Sultan of Perak wrote to the Chau Phya of Ligor how at the time when Marhum
Bongsu lived at the Long Reach (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rantau
Panjang</i>) Sultan Ibrahim of Selangor attacked Perak whereupon Sultan and
chiefs fled upstream to Kuala Plus * to avoid him. A year after this invasion
Marhum Bongsu died whereupon the Sultan of Selangor demanded a strip of Perak
territory from Kuala Perak up to Kuala Plus * by right of conquest. Perak refused.
The Sultan of Selangor attacked but finding a fort erected at Kota Lumut
retired and reduced his claim to the territory between Kuala Perak and Kuala
Bidor. Again Perak refused and the two rulers agreed to ask other Raias to
arbitrate. Selangor lent Perak two guns but when in 1818 Kedah conquered Perak,
Selangor demanded and was paid $500 for the two guns! When in 1825 Sultan
'Abdu'llah ascended the Perak throne, Selangor again demanded territory on the
Perak river, but when 'Abdu'llah referred the claimant to his overlord the King
of Siam, Selangor agreed to compound for 30 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>
of tin! </div>
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For at the beginning of the XIXth century Siam resolved to
extend her sway over the Malay Peninsula and accordingly in November 1816
commanded Ahmad Taju'd-din Sultan of Kedah to attack his neighbour. " It
greatly afflicts me to execute this order " wrote the Sultan. " It is
not with my good will that I attack Perak nor at all my wish to become the
enemy of that Raja but only to avert mischief from my country." Low
records that the old Sultan of Perak addressed a letter to Penang " which
exhibited the profound ignorance which has ever characterised the rulers of
that petty State. He only asked for two ships of war and two thousand troops,
one half of the last to be Europeans (100 being perhaps the utmost strength of
the latter at the time in the island).... He offered at the same time the
Dinding islands </div>
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<i>* <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Amended from Trus of the Straits Settlements Records.</span></i></div>
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to the British for nothing and the
monopoly of all the tin and rattans in Perak for the yearly sum of two thousand
dollars, also elephants in exchange for gun powder at the rate of 60 dollars
for each of the height of six feet, and 600 to 900 dollars for those of the
largest size. . . . The Raja's offer of the tin monopoly would seem to argue an
undervaluation of the produce of his country, for at the rate of duty of 6
dollars the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> which he then
enforced, the total produce was only 333 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>,
whereas the country yielded or has yielded a much larger quantity
annually." Soon after the Dutch left Perak, 2,000 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> a year were exported annually by that State to Penang. </div>
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In spite of the damage to the tin trade arising from the
invasion of Perak, the East India Company pursued its traditional policy and
refused to intervene. By October 1817 Kedah had subdued half of the State. On 2
July 1818 the Sultan of Kedah, sending Colonel Bannerman, Governor of Penang,
four rare birds and a promise of rare plants (for which His Excellency had
asked), thanked him for dispatching Mr. Cracroft to persuade the Sultan of
Perak to send the tribute of Golden and Silver Flowers to Ayuthia:—Mr. Cracroft
had just negotiated a treaty with Perak to safe-guard free trade with that
State. Though the Sultan of Perak reported that his country was beset by land
and sea, evidently its conquest was difficult. On September 12 the Sultan of
Kedah was complaining to Penang that the task of subduing Perak was hard enough
and now on the top of that Siam commanded him to send 100 war-boats and 300 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koyan</i> of rice for a force about to
oppose the Burmese and, in order to embroil him with England, instructed him
that no Kedah rice might be sent to Penang. On October 12 the Bendahara,
Laksamana and Temenggong of Kedah were all still engaged in the Perak campaign
and, though they would get all the tin they could for sale to Penang, nothing
could be promised with the war still unfinished. On 18 November 1818 Sultan
'Abdu'l-Malik Mansur Shah, the old Raja of Perak, reported to Penang that his
country was now under the Raja and Bendahara of Kedah. Anderson says that he
did not survive many months. 1,000 square miles of country in upper Perak
remained Siamese until 1909. In June 1819 the Sultan of Kedah was busy over the
dispatch of Perak's Golden-Flower tribute to Ayuthia. In July 1819 anxious as
he was to give Pangkor and the Dindings to the English in order to avoid trouble
with the Dutch and to help in the suppression of piracy, Ahmad Taju'd-din Halim
Shah Sultan of Kedah was too apprehensive of the displeasure of Siam, which had
disapproved of Kedah's cession of Penang. " It is true I conquered Perak.
The King, Raja Muda and Bendahara transferred the government to me. I directed
my agents to depose the old king, invest the Raja Muda with the chief authority
and promote the Bendahara to be Raja Muda, but they begged to retain their
present titles during the life of the old king, who, they undertook, should
cease to exercise authority or take part in councils. I</div>
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assented, and Perak and its
dependencies were placed under the Raja Muda and Bendahara jointly, subject to
my superintendence and control. The Raja Muda exercises over Perak, Pangkor and
adjacent dependencies the functions of a sovereign tributary to Slam." At
the same time the Raja Kechil Besar and Orang Kaya Besar were removed to Kedah.
So for the first time in history a State that had been subject to Acheh and
Bugis Selangor but never to Siam now became tributary to the Lord of the White
Elephant. </div>
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On 28 March 1819 Timmerman Thysen, the Governor of Malacca,
suggested to Selangor a new treaty on the lines of its treaty with the Dutch in
1780 and expressed his pleasure at the intention of Selangor to assist Perak,
so that, Siamese expelled, Perak also could renew its treaty with the Dutch! On
December 8 the Raja of Kedah complained to Penang that the Bugis Raja Husain
from Selangor, who formerly lived at the Dindings (where he opened a tin-mine
on Pulau Talang), assisted pirates with provisions and had now gone to Tanjong
Putus on the Perak river where pirates were again assembled. On 4 November 1820
the Raja of Kedah stated that he did not know if the chiefs of Kurau and Larut
had conspired to commit piracy but Perak being under him he will enquire and
prohibit its ruler from receiving pirates. </div>
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By 1822 mainly with the help of Selangor Perak had expelled
her Siamese conquerors but she had to agree to pay tribute to Sultan Ibrahim,
who as early as 1819 had left a relative Raja Husain to collect it. " His
sons, the Raja Muda and Tuanku Husain, the chief of the settlement at the
Dindings, have established posts about thirty miles from the mouth of the river
and levy a toll on all tin exported by that channel." So Anderson. </div>
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Soon afterwards the Raja of Ligor, a Siamese state on the
north-east frontier of Perak, prepared to reconquer Perak and according to the
British forced its helpless ruler to sign letters "invoking Siamese
protection against Selangor. But did the Raja of Perak act so much under the
compulsion of Siam as on account of the exactions of Selangor? In December 1821
what Crawford described as Siam's " extremely contemptible " army had
conquered Kedah. Ligor occupied Perak and ordered the Sultan to send Siam the
Gold and Silver Flowers of a tributary state; in 1824 the Bendahara, Sri Adika Raja,
To' " Peggah " and Maharaja Dinda took them to Ligor and were
escorted home by 40 Siamese boats, which the Perak chiefs then loaded with 205 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of tin for Ligor. The Sultan of
Selangor captured these boats and stationed Raja Husain at Kuala Bidor to levy
duties on articles taken up and down the Perak river. In January 1825 Perak was
invoking Siamese aid against Selangor and the Sultan wrote of his happiness
that Perak had been placed under Ligor, the Perak chiefs retaining executive
control. In April His Highness sent the Raja Kechil Muda, Orang Kaya Besar, Sri
Lela Paduka, Maharaja Stia and</div>
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Paduka Sri Nara as envoys to Ligor
to reiterate the request for aid. That was the version Ligor dispatched to
Penang, and it seems certain that all the while Perak was taking the only
course its weakness allowed and trying to play off Siam against Selangor and
Selangor against Siam, while the British East India Company refrained from
armed intervention:—in 1824 the Supreme Government entertained " the
strongest doubts of the practicability of inducing the arrogant and haughty
Court of Siam to waive its pretensions" and questioned " the
expediency of agitating the proposition at all." Quite probably Perak gladly
let the Selangor Sultan intercept her forced tribute to Siam and then irked by
Selangor exactions and terrified of Siamese vengeance turned again to Ligor.
Accordingly on 1 June 1825 the Sultan of Perak informed Governor Fullerton that
" at present Perak is under the Siamese, which prevents me from daring to
express my wishes to my friend." On 2 June 1825 the Chau Phya of Ligor
reported that Siam had been asked by Perak to expel the Selangor forces, though
Siam would not send troops if Governor Fullerton could settle the trouble: he
wanted, however, a permit from Penang for 30 or 40 Siamese boats to take the
Raja Kechil Muda of Perak home and bring back from Perak its Golden Flowers,
tin and other tribute to Siam. In fact, only the bluff and determination of
Governor Fullerton, who acting against orders from the Indian government in
June 1825 menaced Siam with war, saved Perak and Selangor from cruel invasion
such as had overtaken Kedah. In 1825 after its conquests on the Tenasserim
coast the Indian Government sent a Captain Burney to Ligor, where the Raja
expressed the intention of dispatching 3,000 men by land to help Perak against
Selangor. Burney contrived to frustrate this filibustering expedition, denying
that Perak was a dependency of Siam and declaring that the English Company
could not be indifferent over rights secured to it by treaty as the successor
of the Dutch Company. On July 31, 1825 a preliminary treaty signed by Burney
and the Raja of Ligor for the consideration of Madras and Bangkok engaged that
the Siamese should neither attack nor colonize Perak and Selangor and that the
British should not occupy Perak but merely prevent Selangor from disturbing its
peace and evict the tax-collector, Raja Husain. As Mr. Mills writes, " to
Burney's mind the great point gained by the treaty was that henceforth the
Penang Council had for the the first time a legal right to prevent all Siamese
troops and galleys from going to Perak and Selangor. Burney also succeeded in
persuading the Raja of Ligor not to insist in the treaty on a clause compelling
Perak to send the tribute of the Golden Flowers to Bangkok. Whether it was sent
or not was left to the decision of the Sultan of Perak, Burney agreeing that
the British would make no objection if he should wish to do so. Since to send
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bunga Mas</i> was the last thing the
Sultan would willingly agree to, Burney had won a very important success for
the Company." Fullerton, delighted at Burney's treaty, then</div>
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appointed the pamphleteer, John
Anderson of the Honourable East India Company's Civil Service, Penang, to visit
Perak and Selangor and settle the disputes outstanding between them without
committing the Company to armed intervention. On 20 August Anderson negotiated
a treaty with the venerable Sultan Ibrahim of Selangor confirming the
commercial treaty of 1818, fixing the Bernam river as the boundary with Perak,
engaging that no Selangor armament should enter Perak by land or sea and that
Raja Husain should be removed from Perak for ever. Six days later Ibrahim wrote
direct to Governor Fullerton announcing that when he had reinstated the Sultan
of Perak with royal honours, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">they had
made an engagement for the imposition of a duty of $12 a bahar on Perak tin</i>,
half to go to himself and half to the ruler of Perak, and adding that he had no
control over Raja Husain as he had married an aunt of the Sultan of Perak! But
the Sultan of Perak, being a " very insignificant person and under great
apprehension " was prepared not only to scrap his aunt's husband but to
repudiate or ignore any previous engagement with Selangor. Accordingly on 6
September 1825 he signed a treaty accepting the Bernam River as Perak's
boundary, engaging not to attack Selangor and to remove Raja Husain from Perak,
promising to grant no monopolies and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fixing
the duty on tin at $6 a bahar</i>. In an access of fear or humility, he even
pretended that he would like the British to annex his State, allowing him only
a small pension; and with Kedah's plight before him he wrote to Fullerton
offering to send Siam the tribute of the Golden Flower, if Fullerton should so
advise. </div>
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For Ligor continued to play with the weakness of Perak as a
cat plays with a mouse. Not daring to attack Perak after the preliminary Burney
treaty of 31 July 1825, the Chau Phya yet sent a small force under the guise of
an embassy to assist the Sultan in his government, an embassy whose recall
Fullerton at once demanded. On 8 August 1825 Fullerton wrote to the Chau Phya
that while Britain had no desire to occupy Perak or any other State near
Penang, it would prevent the peace of neighbouring States being disturbed by
Siam or by Malay aggressors. On 6 September the Chau Phya wrote from Ligor that
he was anxious to learn the result of Anderson's mission of Perak and on 9
September that at the request of famine-stricken Perak he was sending there
four boats laden each with 5 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koyan</i> of
rice and carrying twenty-two men. Governor Fullerton advised the Chau Phya that
the presence of numerous pirates rendered this inadvisable, that Mr. Anderson
was taking grain to Perak and that, as soon as Raja Husain and the Selangor
people left, Penang traders would import abundance of rice. A British cruiser
was sent to the Perak river to ensure the departure of Raja Husain. On 14
October the Sultan of Perak wrote to Fullerton that he entrusted the government
of Perak to the English and to the Chau Phya of Ligor! On 3 November Sultan
Ibrahim complained that that was always Perak's answer, when the Sultan was
asked to defray his debt of 3,128 Spanish dollars</div>
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to Selangor:—the Sultan of Perak
protested that Ibrahim had debited him with the debts of other Perak folk,
which he could not collect. On 15 December 1825 Sultan Ibrahim wrote noting
that Fullerton would settle Perak's debt, which otherwise Selangor would
collect, and asking why Fullerton had allowed the Siamese to proceed to Perak,
restore the old Laksamana and appoint Nakhoda Muhammad Raja Mahkota? The next
day Fullerton wrote a letter of protest to Ligor. On 20 September 1826 when
Perak presented a counter-claim for $2,787, the debt to Selangor was still
under British consideration. </div>
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Gradually the Bugis passed out of Perak politics, except for
the courteous survival in Selangor culture of the practice of inviting Perak
chiefs to be present at the installation of her Sultans. </div>
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But Siam had still to be handled. In the latter half of 1825
the Indian Government approved of the draft Burney treaty and of Anderson's
errand to Perak and Selangor and decided to send Burney to Siam on a purely
" complimentary and conciliatory" mission, with a commercial treaty
and the safeguarding of the independence of the Malay States as secondary
objects not to be pressed. Fullerton, however, instructed Burney to press for
the restoration of the ex-Sultan of Kedah and for Siam's claims on Perak to be
limited to the sending of tribute. Burney's negotiations lasted till June 1826.
Siam claimed no suzerainty over Selangor but insisted that the Sultan of Perak
wanted to pay tribute: if the English would protect Perak from Selangor, Siam
would merely send embassies " to settle and instruct the chief of Perak
and give him a title and great presents, in the same manner as the other
countries subject to Siam." Inadvertently the Siamese admitted that before
the conquest by Kedah in 1818 Siam had no right or claim in Perak, and Burney
pressed the rights of the British as inheritors of Dutch treaty-rights. Finally
Siam and the English both promised not to attack or disturb Perak or Selangor,
while the English engaged not to let Selangor attack Perak. The English Company
would not interfere if Ligor or Perak should desire to exchange diplomatic
missions of forty or fifty men. Both parties engaged that " the Raja of Perak
shall govern the country according to his own will. Should he desire to send
the Gold and Silver Flowers to Siam as heretofore, the English will not prevent
his doing as he may desire." This was satisfactory but in 1826 Sultan
'Abdullah Mu'azzam Shah of Perak informed Penang that Siamese " embassies
" were treating him as a conquered ruler and had bribed the Raia Muda and
other chiefs to take their side. On 20 September 1826 the Sultan wrote to the
Governor at Pulau Pinang that the Siamese, who had stayed ten months in Perak
had gone, but as " a lowly man in awe of " the Governor and "
afraid of the Siamese " he enquired if he ought to send the tribute of the
Golden Flowers. Before he got that letter, (on 23 September) Fullerton wrote a
stern letter to Ligor, declaring that the despatch of Siamese troops or
embassies to Perak</div>
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was a breach of the Burney treaty
and might lead to war between Great Britain and Siam. The Chau Phya of Ligor
replied that the continued presence of Siamese in Perak had been due to his
absence at Ayuthia where he had been helping Burney over a treaty:—" the
Siamese and Malays sent by me to Perak accompanied the Raja Kechil Muda,
younger brother of the Sultan, and the Sultan wrote me at Ayuthia that he had
detained them and when I returned would send them back with a Perak chief to
wait on me: I have now sent a letter directing their return." On 10
October Sultan 'Abdu'llah wrote again expressing his satisfaction that Captain
Burney had induced Siam to recognize the independence of Perak: for " it
is my desire to govern it agreeably to former custom and I wish no connection
with any Siamese or Malay chiefs to east or west nor will I permit them to
interfere in the government of Perak. The Golden Flowers I will send no more to
Siam or to Selangor or any Malay Raja. Even if only 20 or 30 soldiers or
messengers arrive from Siam or any Malay Raja I will not receive them.
Merchants can come and go. My resources are at present limited but I am
collecting my ryots who fled owing to the disturbances. 1 rely on the Company
to help me against Siam, Selangor and any rebel Perak chiefs. My difficulties I
have explained to Captain James Low." For the Governor of Penang had
despatched a British " embassy " consisting of Captain Low and forty
Sepoys with " a Bombay H.C. Cruizer at his command " to warn Siamese
to leave Perak, to advise the Sultan to write Penang a letter expressing his
desire (in the terms of the Burney treaty) to " govern his country
according to his own will " and to repeat the usual vague promise of help
in case of Siamese aggression. A rabid hater of Siamese pretensions Low
proceeded actively to help the Sultan deal with the pro-Siamese chiefs of Perak
and then, against all traditions of the Company's policy, to make a treaty
involving it in Perak affairs " to an extent which was never contemplated or
desired." " The Siamese force " writes Low, " forthwith
evacuated their position on the bank of the river and the Raja dismissed those
who had intrigued with the Siamese and formed a steady government."
Elsewhere he describes the ceremony of forming that steady government:—" A
large concourse of people were assembled. The chiefs and their attendants were
seated on carpets and mats on the floor. In front of the sopha on which the
Raja sat, were arranged a low stool on which lay the Koran and a large jar of
consecrated water on the top of which was a model of a crown. The Raja
advancing dipped the regalia, consisting of armour, in the water, and placed
them against a pillow. The new ministers and other officers then approached and
had the oath tendered to them. This oath consists of two parts and is very
short. The first part is the promise of fidelity; the second imprecates every
calamity to afflict the juror and his family to remote generations should he
betray the trust and confidence reposed in him. The characteristic levity of
the</div>
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Malayan disposition was not even
repressed by this solemn act, for the Raja and some of his chiefs indulged
their mirth occasionally, to the evident mortification of some of his chiefs
then present whose gravity was ludicrously contrasted with it. Several of those
who had intrigued with the Siamese betrayed evident symptoms of alarm. Indeed
under a less indulgent Prince they must have lost their heads." A Malay
MS. records that Bendahara Radin, a grandson of the sixteenth Sultan, went to
Ligor, and that in 1826 the English had his brother Raja Muda Ngah Laut created
Yang di-pertuan Muda, Bendahara Chulan (afterwards twenty-first Sultan) created
Raja Muda, Raja 'Abdu'llah (afterwards twenty-second Sultan) created Raja
di-Hilir. Low's treaty of 18 October 1826 which though always recognised
appears never to have been formally ratified, stipulated that Perak should not
pay tribute to Siam, Selangor or any one else, or receive embassies, armaments,
or the smallest parties of men other than non-political traders: these
conditions fulfilled, the British engaged to assist the Sultan to expel any
Siamese or Malays who " may at any time enter the Perak Country with
political views or for the purpose of interfering in any way with the
Government of His Majesty." " These measures " as Low
complacently remarks, " secured the independence of Perak." At the
same time, he continues, " the Raja wanted to see the English flag hoisted
in Perak and he proffered a written deed, ceding to them the island of Pangkor
off the mouth of the river, but neither of these offers was accepted by the
British Government "—though in 1819 the English had wanted to occupy Great
and Little Pangkor and the territory on both banks of the Sungai Binding, and
the Sultan of Kedah had said he dared not risk the displeasure of Perak, while
the Sultan of Perak had wanted payment for the concession. On 20 October the
Sultan sent the Bendahara, the Orang Kaya Besar, the Laksamana and Sri Dewa
Raja to Penang to borrow $10,000 and get 400 muskets with ammunition on credit.
" I regard Perak," His Highness wrote, " as under the
superintendence or in the safe-keeping of the Honourable East India Company
which must protect it and superintend its Government as if it were an English
State." On 25 October, he wrote to Low engaging to build a fort at Kota
Lumut and maintain a force there to combat pirates, to erect a small house
there for the temporary accommodation of any British officer, to order the
Laksamana and Shahbandar to build a fort at Kuala Bidor and settle that
district, to expel harbourers of pirates from all coastal towns, to enforce
payment of debts to foreign traders, to prevent slave-traffic in British
subjects, to encourage agriculture, to arrange for the collection of export
duties and to establish schools. On 3 November Governor Fullerton wrote a
guarded letter to Ligor, warning the Chau Phya that further breaches of the
Burney treaty in Perak might lead to war with the British and on 7 November he
reported the doings of the Chau Phya to the ministry at Bangkok: Low's treaty
he referred to the Governor-General.</div>
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Not yet, however, did Siam abandon its pretensions. In
November 1826 the Raja of Perak asked for a British agent to come and advise
him, reporting that he had sent the Temenggong to make excuses and tell thirty
Siamese, who had arrived at Pulau Kamiri on the Plus, that he would not meet
them; but Ligor declared that the Siamese were only taking return presents to
the Sultan. In March 1827 the Chau Phya sent silks for the Sultan and his
chiefs and promised a boat-load of sugar and rice, at the same time inviting
the Sultan to come to Ligor and proceed to Ayuthia, so pleased was the Lord of the
White Elephant that His Highness desired to be the slave and tributary of Siam.
The Sultan replied that, according to the Governor of Penang, a treaty had been
made between Siam and the East India Company, stipulating that the Siamese
should not again enter Perak: " so I think it unnecessary for me, a poor
man, to wait on the Chau Phya and I beg to be excused. The Chau Phya is correct
in saying that the Sri Adika Raja captured an elephant six cubits tall: I had
the animal cared for and meant to send it to the Chau Phya but after a month in
captivity it died." On 10 March Sultan 'Abdu'llah thanked the Governor of
Penang for sending a cruiser with $3,500 (less the cost of a ketch and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prahu</i> bought for him), 200 muskets, two
casks of powder, 500 bundles of ball cartridge and 1,000 musket flints: he
promised to co-operate with Captain Low against pirates, especially against
Nakhoda Udin, since 1822 appointed Penghulu at Kurau by the Ligorian (as Low
termed him) but so bold a pirate that he frequently raided Penang and kidnapped
British subjects to sell into slavery. To the delight of the Sultan of Perak
Low fired on Kurau, burnt the village and wrote to Alang 'aidin (Penghulu Bukit
Gantang) and Isma Yatim (Serama Maharaja) to hunt down Udin's associates. Udin
was captured by the Police at Penang, where (as Fullerton informed the Chau
Phya) he had " the audacity to come." As the court at Penang did not
possess Admiralty jurisdiction, it was not competent to try Udin. So as he
appeared to be a Siamese subject he was sent to Ligor with a polite request
that he should be dealt with effectually. The Chau Phya, as Mr. Mills relates,
" was very seriously annoyed, and when in June 1827 Burney came to Ligor
to exchange the ratified copies of the treaty of 1826 with Siam, he complained
bitterly of the attack on Udin.... He contended that Kurau was part of Kedah,
and not of Perak, denied that Udin was a pirate and also attacked Low's treaty
with Perak in 1826 as a piece of sharp practice." The Raja talked over
Burney, who informed the Supreme Government that Kurau was Siamese and Udin not
a pirate: Burney further criticised the Penang Council and Captain Low for
their interference in Perak. Low was suspended from political employment.
However, Fullerton proved that in 1825 Burney had put up a map showing Kurau to
be in Perak and had also advocated for Perak the very policy Low was suspended
for pursuing: he also put up clear evidence that Udin was a pirate. On 12 July</div>
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1827 he sent Ligor a copy of
Burney's map and declared that the destruction of Kurau and the capture of Udin
were in order and required no discussion. On 6 September, however, he informed
Ligor that he would hear Udin's defence and he wrote to the Raja of Perak to
send witnesses against him. In November 1827 the Supreme Government climbed
down and reinstated Low. But as late as February 1828 Fullerton was still
investigating the Kurau incident to judge from the arrival in Penang of two
Perak chiefs, Sri Maharaja and Tan Jana Pahlawan headman of Kurau, who were
cognisant of Udin's transgressions. </div>
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Though his very name has been forgotten at Kuala Kangsar,
Captain James Low was the saviour of Perak, risking his own career to save her
from Siamese suzerainty and spare her the cruel fate of Kedah. And along with
the name of Low, Perak ought to inscribe in letters of gold the name of Robert
Fullerton, Governor of Prince of Wales' Island, Singapore and Malacca, who
inspired and defended the insubordination of his officer Captain Low. </div>
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Relieved of the Siamese menace Sultan 'Abdullah endeavoured
to organize the administration of his country. On 15th June 1827 he informed
Penang, " If my life is spared, I shall visit every part of Perak,
establish the several districts in the old way and appoint chiefs so that the
country may be settled." He summoned all the chiefs and persuaded them to
live with him at Pasir Panjang Indra Mulia, and he employed one, Puteh Abubakar
of Penang, to help him in the conduct of public affairs. Low found 'Abdu'llah
" a very quiet person and very indulgent to his subjects.... He hears
complaints and settles business early in the morning, breakfasts about 10 and
dines about sun-set or later.... On the weekly fast days the Raja assembles all
his officers and attendants in the Mosque and repeats along with his Imams and
them selected passages from the Kuran.... As they become warmed by their
devotions they nod and shake their heads violently in concert.... One day the
Raja gave a feast to his people, it being an anniversary. A long and slightly
built shed was prepared as a kitchen. Here five or six huge iron pots were
placed over fires. In each of these about thirty fowls were boiled. They live,
however, very plainly, fish, rice and a little seasoning with fruits being
their common food. Very few of them will taste wine and none drink spirits. The
Raja and his people dress in very ordinary garb except on occasions of ceremony
and at these periods only, they are clothed from the waist upwards.... The women
seem partial to sky-blue cotton and can dress themselves with considerable
neatness. They display a good deal of the upper part of the body, only throwing
their upper dress which is a narrow piece of cloth carelessly across the
breast.... Many appeared to have as fair complexions as the Chinese. It was
particularly remarked by all our party that the distinguishing characteristic
of the Hottentot women, although in a less degree, is very generally a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prominent</i> one among the</div>
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females of Perak." That was a
picture of Perak in 1826 when Siamese " embassies " had slaughtered
all the cattle and left only a few goats, buffaloes and poultry. Low's mission
changed all that. But there were still domestic troubles, about which the Sultan
often took Penang into his confidence, gladly accepting advice. In July 1828
the Raja Muda let the opium, gambling and spirit farms to Amoy Chinese, though
they were let already to another! It required force to remove the Amoy people.
On 2 November the Dato' Srinara returning from Penang was attacked off Pangkor
by four pirate <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">perahu</i>; the Raja
Mahkota came to his aid; Perak lost two men killed and five wounded but
captured a pirate junk containing 4 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koyan</i>
of rice, six Chinese, two Siamese " padris " and one Haji. On 4
November the Governor warned the Sultan of Perak on no account to receive the
ex-Raja of Kedah within his borders as it would lead to further trouble with
Siam. On 29 February 1829 Penang suggested that Perak might liquidate an old
debt for cash and muskets by sending tin. On 26 March 1829 the Sultan informed
Fullerton that as requested he had sent the Orang Kaya Besar from Ijok and
other forces to expel from Krian, Tengku Long Puteh, a brother-in-law of that
enemy of Siam, the ex-Sultan of Kedah. Penang warned 'Abdu'llah not to
encourage Patani immigrants from Pulai and Baling, for fear of offending Ligor.
Perak was still very poor. The Raja wrote to the Resident-Councillor, Penang,
begging him to induce a Chinese ship to visit Perak annually and buy elephants
" which would be a great relief to the poor distressed inhabitants."
He could not pay his debt in tin-ore, as he was assured " the consequence
of removing ore to such a distance would ruin the mines! " but in August
1829 he did send a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">perahu</i> with tin.
In 1830 Captain Parker and Lord Frederick Beauclerc visited Perak and the
Sultan addressed a letter to their chief Sir Edward Owen K.C.B., Rear-Admiral
of the Blue, thanking him for the promise of a man-o'-war in the event of
invasion. </div>
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In 1830 the Straits Settlements had ceased to have a
Governor and became a Residency subject to Bengal. So in a letter dated 26 June
1831 Sultan Shahabu'd-din announced to the Resident his accession to the Perak
throne. Still Perak had its troubles. At the end of 1831 the Sultan sent the
Laksamana to report a rice famine and obtain on credit ten guns with powder and
ball, some cash and four or five <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koyan</i>
of rice. In January 1832 the Raja Muda reported a conspiracy by the Bendahara
against the new Sultan. In April the Sultan reported a rumour that Selangor had
assembled twenty boats to attack Perak, but the advent in May of an English
merchant, George Stuart, allayed the panic of the Perak people and the Sultan
appointed Mr. Stuart his confidential agent in the Colony. The Selangor scare
lasted several years and seems to have been connected with a Perak debt to that
State. In 1837 the Sultan of Perak thanked the Resident-Councillor, Penang, for
telling him that Selangor would not invade his country </div>
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and he denied having approached
Ligor for aid. In 1842 there were further rumours which led to the Sultan of
Selangor being warned by the British. </div>
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<br /></div>
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In 1831 when the Malays rose against the Siamese in Kedah, the
ex-Sultan Ahmad Taju'd-din, unbowed by the stoppage since 1827 of his annual
allowance of $10,000, at last left Penang for Malacca rather than risk removal
by force. But in 1836 having got leave to visit Deli he left Malacca and bolted
to Bruas to collect forces to invade Kedah. Nothing would persuade him to
desist and two British warships had to visit Bruas, destroy the Malay fleet and
carry the ex-Sultan back to Malacca. Two years later the Kedah Malays again
rebelled against Siam but in 1839 were re-conquered. Then in 1842 backed by a
letter from Governor Bonham the ex-Sultan after twenty years of exile tendered
his submission to the Lord of the White Elephant and was restored to the throne
of a State which Siam had found it unprofitable to hold by force. Flushed with
success the turbulent old Sultan seized Krian claiming it to be part of Kedah.
The Sultan of Perak asked for British assistance in accordance with Low's
treaty. On 22 November the Governor warned Sultan Shahabu'd-din not to attack
his aggressor, advised the Sultan of Kedah to relinquish his claim and asked
the Chau Phya of Ligor to remonstrate with him. On 13 May 1844 Ahmad Taju'd-din
was informed that the Supreme Government was withholding its annual payment to
him of $10,000 a year until he should quit Krian and remain peaceably in Kedah
for twelve months. Even this did not move him. Only in 1848 did he retire when
the Governor threatened armed intervention. In that year, 1848, the Sultan of
Perak applied for arms and ammunition to be used against the Laksamana who had
usurped the revenue from duty on tin exported down the Perak River! </div>
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<br /></div>
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In 1851 and 1852 only a few letters passed between Penang
and Perak. On 7 January 1851 Mr. Blundell, Resident Councillor, Penang, told
the Sultan of Perak that he and not the British must arrest one Megat 'Arif and
his gang of marauders for disturbing Krian: Mr. Blundell sent for Megat 'Arif
and got his promise to reform, but Megat 'Arif broke his promise and Blundell
invoked the aid of the Sultan of Kedah. At the end of the year the Governor,
Colonel Butterworth, sent a schooner to Bruas to investigate a case of piracy
and in December informed Sultan 'Abdu'llah Muhammad Shah of Perak that thirteen
pirates had been captured, four of whom were hanged and the rest banished to
Bombay for life; the Raja Kechil Sulong of Perak appeared to have shared the
spoils. Resident Councillor Lewis wrote several letters to Che' Long Ja'far of
Larut about the rendition of fugitive convicts and the detention of tin bought
by a Penang Chinese. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Then came civil war in Perak. As early as 8 August 1851
Governor Butterworth had expressed doubts to the Sultan of Selangor as to his
story of dissensions in Perak, adding that anyhow</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 76 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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it was no concern of the British.
Soon however there was trouble between the Sultan of Perak and Bendahara (later
Sultan) Ja'far when a British man-of-war was sent to protect the customs
station for tin at Kota Stia. On 17 March 1853 the Governor replied to Raja
Ngah 'Ali of Perak, asking what he meant by the sentence " The Sultan has
left his palace" Who occupied it? There must be a ruler. Butterworth
refused the ivory tusks Raja Ngah 'Ali had sent, declaring that it was not an
English custom to accept presents. Actually the Sultan had fled and taken
refuge with the Laksamana. In April the Governor informed the Sultan that Low's
treaty stipulated for British aid only in the event of external aggression: on
18 May he replied to the Sri Adika Raja, Panglima Kinta, Shahbandar and Panglima
Bukit Gantang that not he but their Sultan, 'Abdullah Muhammad Shah, should
receive their complaints about the disturbances caused by the Sultan's son,
Raja Yusuf; in June he informed the Sultan that the Governor-General still
refused him permission to intervene but the Sultan could appeal to Kedah for
help if he liked. In September 1853 the officer administering the government,
Blundell, informed Fort William that influential chiefs had deposed the Sultan
and elevated the Raja Muda to the throne. The Sultan was said to be a debauchee
whose sons were beyond his control and ruined the country. Blundell had advised
Kedah that our treaty with Siam forbade armed interference, and he suggested to
India that he should be authorized to arbitrate between the parties. In June
1854 a claimant to the Perak throne wrote to the Governor describing himself as
Sultan Safi-u'd-din Mu'azzam Shah. In July Blundell went to Perak and
interviewed the Raja Muda and chiefs. On 23 November 1855 the Governor was
still advising Sultan 'Abdu'llah Muhammad Shah that he could not intervene in
the domestic affairs of Perak. " When Sultan 'Abdu'llah Muhammad Shah
died," wrote Swettenham in 1880, " he and his son were in open
warfare with by far the greater part of the chiefs of Perak and when the time
came to elect a Bendahara, Yusuf's claims by birth were outbalanced by his
unpopularity." On 3 September 1857 the Governor congratulated Sultan Ngah
Ja'far on his accession. Of this ruler as a practical administrator Sir Frank
has left a vivid picture. One day a woman of his harem came out to listen to
the Kuran-chanting of a Trengganu man famous for his voice. Aggrieved at this
her relations wanted to kill the Trengganu man but feared his famous creese.
They consulted the Sultan, who replied, " Take his creese first, you
fools, and then kill him." One of the relatives then made an excuse to
borrow the creese, and the others stabbed the Trengganu Rizzio till their
weapons met in his body. </div>
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<br /></div>
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In 1858 the East India Company came to an end and the
Straits Settlements passed under the control of the India Office. Two of the
grievances the local public had nursed against the old Company were that it had
pusillanimously sacrificed the exiled Sultan of Kedah to Siam and that it
refused to interfere in the</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bugis, Siam and The British East India Company. Page 77</b></div>
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domestic affairs of the Malay
States. Not until after 1867 when the India Office had transferred the Colony
to the care of the Colonial Office, was this policy of aloofness abandoned. </div>
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<br /></div>
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In 1867 in view of requests from Straits-born Chinese to
settle there the Sultan of Perak was asked to arrange for the cession of the
Bindings in accordance with the treaty of 1826, which had given to the East
India Company " the Pulo Dindings and the islands of Pangkor, together
with all and every one of the islands hitherto included within the Perak State
" in order that piracy might be suppressed. In 1868 the Laksamana
pretended to agree with the British view that this was meant to embrace both
banks of the Dindings River but the Sultan disapproved of the occupation of
both the banks though he would allow a settlement between Pulau Talang and the
River Dinding on payment of a subsidy. Downing Street objecting to the
occupation of new and disputed territory, the matter remained in abeyance until
the Pangkor treaty of 1874 defined the boundaries in accordance with the
British view and so aroused the suspicion of the Malays at a singularly
inopportune time. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Again, in January 1870 the Sultan of Perak requested the
Governor's aid to rectify Selangor's encroachment on the Perak side of the
Bernam River. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The narrow interests of the old trading company, the
indifference of the India Office to an outlying region were now things of the
past. As early as 1862 there had been the writing on the walls of the Chinese <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kongsi</i> houses in Larut: the old policy
of isolation was doomed.</div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Perak, Malaysia4.807294 100.80000513.7946925 99.5365776 5.8198954999999994 102.06343260000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-52906651342562229832012-03-31T01:03:00.000+08:002012-03-31T01:20:41.863+08:00Chapter V - THE DUTCH AND PERAK. Part [3]<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 48 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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finished and has been made solid and
strong by the work put into it (according to the model given to us by the
Governor Balthasar Bort and the Council of Malacca). You shall therefore take
up your abode there and take special heed to carry out the following points of
order, carefully to maintain and duly to fulfil them. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" In the first place you shall allow all people of
nations with whom we are at peace, both Europeans, viz., English, French and
Danes, and also Indian peoples to draw water on said island, to cut fire- and
other light wood, as also to provide and refresh themselves from the hardships
of the sea at their convenience and pleasure without causing any of them in so
doing the least annoyance or hindrance, or suffering such to be done to them by
your people, no matter what show of justice there might be for it. You must,
however, take care that very large and heavy trees suitable for the making of
ship's masts, and also redwood trees, are cut and carried away as little as
possible on said island by any of said people, excusing your refusal with all
politeness by affirming the superior need of the Honourable Company itself. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" But if any of said people have lost any of their
masts, yards, etc. through storms or otherwise and have no others to set up in
their place, you shall, in such a case of need, have it in your power to grant
them permission to provide themselves with the necessary masts, yards and other
things of the kind, so as to be able duly to complete their voyage. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" But you must try to accustom said people, one as much
as another, to do or carry out nothing on said Dingding, unless they have first
asked for and got your consent thereto, so that you may always know who is on
or at the said island and then you can, to some extent, regulate their action
according as those people are more or less trustworthy. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" All Malay, Javanese or other vessels belonging to
Indians, which approach or pass Dingding in the channel in great numbers, must
be hailed or signalled to with one or two musketshots, so that the nachodas or
chiefs may come ashore to you with their praos. You must then ask them whence
they come and whither they are going, demanding their passes in a friendly way.
If they possess and show them, you must let them go their way unhindered. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" If, as does happen, it is believed that vessels,
especially those belonging to inhabitants of Queda, are returning empty from
Pera, and make an attempt to load with tin between the Pera river and the
island of Dingding, especially in an inlet on a piece of flat ground called
Heckeren and inhabited by various men of Pera, in order to export it to places
to the North, then you shall be authorized, when they come to Dingding, to have
them examined in a perfectly amicable way, even if they have passes, and to do
this, especially in the case of such as are going to Queda, and appear to some </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Dutch and Perak. Page 49</b></div>
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extent to have a cargo; any tin
found in them you may land, directing the owners to the Pera blockading force
for payment. But you understand, this must be done only if no evident danger is
to be seen or suspected in the detention and examination and in the removal of
the tin, otherwise such vessels had better be left alone and an endeavour made,
before the departure of the same, by some means or other to inform the chief of
the Pera blockading force. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" The vessels which have no pass and intend to voyage
further than Pera, you must have brought to anchor at Dingding and made to lie
there, especially if they are large and have a cargo, the nachodas being
ordered to go with their own prao and men to the Pera river (which, with the
tide, is only 3 hours' hard rowing away) and fetch safe conduct passes from the
Dutch chief on the yacht lying in the blockade. He will no doubt give you
orders as to what you are to do or leave alone. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" You must, above all, take good care that the people
of Pera or any other people with whom we are at peace, or at any rate not
openly at war, are not treated rudely, insolently or vexatiously by you or the
common soldiers under you, much less that any act of open enmity in word or
deed is committed, so as not to disturb the people's minds or give them any
reason or cause for aversion to you. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" Still you must, on occasion, in kindly and honourable
terms, defend the Company's right and just claims and try, as regards the
foreigners passing by, to make yourself agreeable and, at the same time, with
all courtesy, to do the duty now imposed on you and any that shall be ordered
in the future. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" Nevertheless you must also, by a constant good watch
by night as much as by day and the maintenance of your arms in readiness, see
to being always on guard and ready for all open enemies and false friends, so
as to make defence and to oppose force with force against any who attack and
treat you as enemies, trusting no foreigner over much, but considering that you
have to deal with Malays, some of whom are bad and malignant and are actually
very desirous of depriving Christians of their lives and property, as various
grievous examples have given clear evidence. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" In order to prevent all conceivable and inconceivable
mishaps, you shall allow no one to go or voyage elsewhere except duly armed and
provided with a gun (of which the natives are very much afraid) and each with a
stout broad sword. Moreover you must, if any of your men are away from the
house in another bay, be mindful always to have some men armed as above in the
prao while the others fish or carry out any other task assigned to them. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" As interpreter with the Malays and other peoples, you
can employ the sailor Diego from Bengal, who is fairly well acquainted with the
language and has been expressly assigned to you for that purpose.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 50 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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" Besides aforesaid sailor and yourself, there are 13
persons under your orders, to wit: </div>
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1 Corporal </div>
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10 Soldiers and </div>
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2 Slaves of the Company, one being a joiner. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" You must live with them as befits honest folk,
preventing all strife, disputes, wrangling and fighting, but making each man
fulfil what is necessary and has been laid upon him. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" Above all you must not neglect divine worship, but
have the usual prayers said morning and evening. On Sunday you must also have a
sermon read and then God the Lord will graciously preserve and bless you all. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" On weekdays, when there is no more necessary work to
be done, you must try to make the flat piece of ground, on which said house is
built, larger and larger. You must also plant and sow it with all sorts of
fruit trees and also vegetables, for which purpose you shall be provided with
garden seeds from Malacca, as opportunity offers. Which fruit and vegetables
must be used for the food and maintenance in health of yourself and our men in
the Pera blockading force together with the passing ships, but especially for
men who are sickly. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" The flag on the staff in front of said level ground
you must fly only on Sunday and not on weekdays except when ships or vessels
are sighted; at nightfall, and during the day also when it rains, it must be brought
in, so that said flag may last the longer. </div>
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" There are in the house for your use the following
necessaries: </div>
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<br /></div>
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2 small boxes of assorted nails </div>
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6 iron shod spades </div>
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6 pickaxes </div>
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12 axes </div>
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2 crowbars </div>
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12 cane baskets </div>
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1 prao </div>
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1 seine net </div>
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300 musket balls </div>
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100 lbs. of gunpowder and </div>
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4 bundles of matches. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" You must above all take good care that there is no
neglect of these things, nor needless squandering of the provisions. Other
necessaries which you will need or receive, you shall be provided with by the
chief of the Pera blockading force. He is at present the junior merchant, Sr.
Adriaan van der Walle; you are under</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Dutch and Perak. Page 51</b></div>
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his command and must consequently be
obedient to him and pay him due honour and respect; you must also carry out the
orders he shall in the future think good to give you in addition to those of
this memorandum against all irregularities and evil courses, which cannot now
be known but with experience will manifest themselves. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" Relying hereupon and on what has been briefly cited
above, we commend you all to God's holy protection and remain your friend
(Signed) Jacob Martensz. Schaagen. Dingdingh, in the yacht <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">De Meyboom</i>, 21st Oct. 1670." </div>
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<br /></div>
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So much for general orders in the most sanctimonious period
the world can have ever seen, these rules for the preservation of chartered
piracy, true religion and the flag at the Dindings station! </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagh-Register</i>
under August 1678 and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plakaatboek </i>under
9 August 1678 confirm Bort that the burghers and inhabitants of Malacca might
not go to Perak or any other port on the west coast of the Peninsula, nor to
Johor or Pahang "except with Company's piece-goods bought and paid
for." Owing to the number of Indian ships at Malacca and adjacent places, the
Council decided that all Moors and others coming from Coromandel without Dutch
passes should be arrested and that all those who had passes should pay 20%
import and export duties. On 1 December 1678 an assistant, Hendrik Warnaer,
reached the Perak court in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dinghdingh</i>
(boat of the blockading yacht <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Laaren</i>)
with a complimentary letter from Governor Jacob Jorisse Pitz to the king and a
request for tin. After he had been kept idly waiting for eleven days, Warnaer
asked permission to return, but the king retorted that while Perak envoys had
been detained at Malacca for one or two months Warnaer was impatient over
waiting twelve days or so. The Dutch assistant waited. Still no letter for the
Governor and no tin for the Company. Again Warnaer craved leave to depart. He was
told to wait four days more and was promised tin but the king was angry. At the
end of December Warnaer arranged to send a surgeon later for the king's reply
and got leave to return down-stream. Near Tongtongh a sturdy boat belonging to
the Bendahara was pretending to load durians. It came close to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dinghdingh</i> and asked for a light which
the cautious helmsman refused. But Warnaer ran his boat alongside and stood up
to pass a light to the Perak skipper (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nakhoda</i>),
who thereupon creesed him and three of his crew. The helmsman and one sailor
swam ashore and hid three days in the jungle, after which they returned to the
court where the king professed ignorance of the whole affair, although the boat
of the aggressors being mastless and oarless and having only paddles cannot
have been a foreign sea-going craft. However, to show his innocence, the wily
king lent the helmsman a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prahu</i> with
seven men to look for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dinghdingh</i>,
which was found empty except for the four corpses. A Perak Moor, Sedalebe,
brought the two survivors to Malacca. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 52 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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On 16 February 1680 the king of Perak sent envoys to Malacca
to seek the Company's friendship and on 20 April they brought a royal mandate
authorising Adriaen Wylant, head officer at the mouth of the Perak river, as
follows:—" At one o'clock on Sunday 1092, on 11 Rabul Awel or April, I
Paducca Siry Sulthan Mahometza Lilulla Filalem, king of the land of Perak, my
Bandara Paducca Siry Mahoraja and the other chiefs, as the head of the royal
merchants Orangcaya Paducca Raja, the treasurer Orangcaya Tommagon Siry
Mahoraja Lilla, Orangcaya Manttriy Siry Pordana Manterij, the head of the
Sitterja (? = <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cheteria, kshatria</i> or
warriors) Orangcaya Raja Bandara Raja Manawarsa, the head of the royal palace
Orangcaya Paducca Siry Truan Mahoraja Lilla, head of the army Orangcaya
Laksamana, the chief secretary Abintara Maly Keleyer hereby carry out the
request of the Governor and give a sealed document to the head officer
stationed at the Perak estuary, granting him full authority to attack and take
prisoner all who may try to leave Perak without being able to show any token of
receipt " (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ontjangh</i> i.e. for
tin) " and if they happen to resist, to slay them. Verily this the seal of
me, king of the country and I have instructed Dato Bandara Paducca Siry Kara,
the secretary Siry Lilla Wangsa and all my chiefs to obey this mandate. (Sd.)
Raja Sitta (? = Setia) Muda." On 27 October, 1680 the burghers and people
of Malacca were again allowed free voyages to Siam, Arakan and Perak in the
hope of increasing the imports to their home port. </div>
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Under 6 May 1681 the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagh-Register</i>
records that the tin and cloth trade had dwindled from competition and
smuggling and that the sending of Perak envoys to Malacca had " vanished
in smoke." On 30 October the trade was still bad on account of the
smuggling by Acheh and Kedah, and the sloop <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de
Liefde</i> was sent to blockade the Perak river. By 13 March 1682 trade had got
worse owing to the unreasonableness of the king and Adriaan Wijlant was in charge
of the blockade. The king of Perak and the Moor Sedelebes owed the Company
about 48,260 rix-dollars and on 27 December the king sent envoys to Malacca
asking the Company to take up residence in Perak again (presumably up-river)
and to let Moors from Bengal come upstream to buy elephants. </div>
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In 1689 Dampier visited the Binding Island and has left a
vivid account of his experience. " We stood in pretty near the Shore, in
Hopes to gain a fresh Land Wind. About ten a Clock the Land Wind came off, a
gentle Breeze, and we coasted along the Shore. But a small Tornado coming off
from the Shore about Midnight, we broke our Mizen Yard, and being near a Dutch
Island called Pulo Dinding, we made in for it, and anchored there the Night
ensuing, and found there a Dutch Sloop, manned with about thirty Soldiers, at
an anchor. </div>
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" This is a small Island lying so nigh the Main, that
Ships passing by cannot know it to be an Island. It is pretty high</div>
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Land and well watered with Brooks.
The Mould is blackish, deep and fat in the lower Ground: but the Hills are
somewhat rocky., yet in general very woody. The Trees are of divers Sorts, many
of which are good Timber, and large enough for any use. Here are also some good
for Masts and Yards; they being naturally light yet tough and serviceable.
There is good Riding on the East-side, between the Island and the Main. You may
come in with the Sea Breeze, and go out with a Land Wind, there is Water
enough, and a secure Harbour. </div>
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" The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dutch</i>,
who are the only Inhabitants, have a Fort on the East-side, close by the Sea,
in a Bending of the Island, which makes a small Cove for Ships to anchor in.
The Fort is built 4 square, without Flankers or Bastions, like a House: every
Square is about ten or twelve yards: The Walls are of a good Thickness, made of
Stone, and carried up to a good Height, of about thirty Foot, and covered over
Head like a dwelling House. There may be about twelve or fourteen Guns in it,
some looking out at every Square. These Guns are mounted on a strong Platform,
made within the Walls about sixteen Foot high; and there are Steps on the
Outside to ascend to the Door that opens to the Platform, there being no other
way into the Fort. Here is a Governour and about twenty or thirty Soldiers, who
all lodge in the Fort. The Soldiers have their Lodging in the Platform among
the Guns, but the Governour has a fair Chamber above it, where he lies with
some of the Officers. About a hundred Yards from the Fort on the Bay by the
Sea, there is a low timbered House, where the Governour abides all the Day
Time. Tn this House there were two or three Rooms for their Use, but the
chiefest was the Governour's Dining-Room. This fronted to the Sea, and the End
of it looked towards the Fort. There were two large Windows of about seven or
eight Foot square; the lower part of them about four or five Foot from the
Ground. These Windows were won't to be left open all the Day, to let in the
refreshing Breeze; but in the Night, when the Governour withdrew to the Fort,
they were closed with strong Shutters, and the Doors made fast till the next
day ………</div>
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" It was probably for the lucre of the Tin Trade that
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dutch</i> built the Fort on the
Island; but this not wholly answering their ends, by reason of the distance
between it and the Rivers mouth, which is about 4 or 5 Miles, they have also a
Guard-ship commonly lying here, and a Sloop with 20 or 30 armed Men, to hinder
other Nations from this Trade. For this <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tutaneg</i>
or Tin is a valuable Commodity in the Bay of Bengal, and here purchased
reasonably, by giving other Commodities in exchange: neither is this Commodity
peculiarly found hereabouts, but farther Northerly also on the Coast; and
particularly in the Kingdom of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Queda</i>
there is much of it: The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dutch</i> also
commonly keep a Guard-ship, and have made some fruitless Essays to bring that
Prince and his Subjects to trade only with them; but here over against <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">P. Binding</i>, </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 54 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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no Strangers dare approach to Trade;
neither may any Ship come in hither but with consent of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dutch</i>. Therefore as soon as we came to
an Anchor at the East-end of the Island, we sent our Boat a-shore to the
Governour, to desire leave to wood, water, and cut a new Mizen-yard. He granted
our request, and the Boat returned again aboard, and brought word also that Mr.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Coventry</i> touched here to water, and
went out that Morning. The next Morning betimes Captain <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Minchin</i> sent me a-shore to cut a yard. I applied myself to the
Governour, and desired one of his Soldiers might go with me, and shew me the
best Timber for that use; but he excused himself, saying, that his Soldiers
were all busy at present, but that I might go and cut any Tree that I lik'd. So
I went into the Woods, where I saw abundance of very fine strait Trees, and cut
down such a one as I thought fit for my Turn: and cutting it of a just length,
and stripping off the Bark, I left it ready to be fetched away, and returned to
the Fort, where I dined with the Governour. Presently after Dinner, our
Captain, with Mr. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Richards</i> and his
Wife came a-shore, and l went aboard. The Governour met them at Landing, and
conducted them into the Dining-Room I spoke of, where they treated the
Governour with Punch, made of Brandy, Sugar and Lime-juice, which they brought
with them from aboard: for here is nothing, not so much as the Governours
Drink, but what is brought from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Malacca</i>:
no Herbs or Fruit growing here: but all is either fetch'd from Malacca, or is
brought by the Malayans from the Main. It is not through any sterility in the
Soil, for that is very fat and fruitful: neither is it through laziness of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dutch</i>, for that is a Vice they are not
guilty of: but it is from a continual fear of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Malayans</i>, with whom tho' they have a Commerce, yet dare they not
trust them so far, as to be ranging about the Island in any work of Husbandry,
or indeed to go far from the Fort for there only they are safe. But to return
to the Governour, he, to retaliate the Captain's and Mr. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Richard's</i> kindness, sent a Boat a fishing, to get some better
Entertainment for his Guests, than the Fort, yielded at present. About four or
five a-Clock the Boat returned with a good Dish of Fish. These were immediately
drest for Supper, and the Boat was sent out again to get more for Mr. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Richards</i> and his Lady to carry aboard
with them. In the mean time the Food was brought into the Dining-Room, and
placed on the Table. The Dishes and Plates were of Silver, and there was a
Silver Punch-Bowl full of Liquor. The Governour. his Guests and some of his
Officers were seated, but just as they began to fall to, one of the Soldiers
cried out <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Malayans</i>, and spoil'd the
Entertainment; for immediately the Governour, without speaking one word, leapt
out of one of the Windows, to get as soon as he could to the Fort. His Officers
followed, and all the Servants that attended were soon in Motion. Every one of
them took the nearest way, some out of the Windows, others out of the Doors,
leaving the 3 Guests by themselves, who soon followed with all</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Dutch and Perak. Page 55</b></div>
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the haste they could make without
knowing the meaning of this Sudden Consternation of the Governour and his
people. But by that time the Captain and Mr. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Richards</i> and his Wife were got to the Fort, the Governour, who was
arrived before, stood at the door to receive them. As soon as they were entered
the Fort, the Door was shut, all the Soldiers and Servants being within
already: nor was any Man suffered to fetch away the Victuals, or any of the
Plate: but they fired several Guns to give notice to the Malayans<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>that they were ready for them; but none
of them came on. For this Uproar was occasioned by a Malayan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Canoa </i>full of armed Men that lay
skulking under the Island, close by the Shore: and when the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dutch </i>Boat went out the second time to
fish, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Malayans </i>set on them
suddenly and unexpected, with their Cressets and Lances, and killing one or two
the rest leapt overboard, and got away, for they were close by the Shore: and
they having no Arms were not able to have made any resistance. It was about a
Mile from the Fort: and being landed, every one of them made what haste he
could to the Fort, and the first that arrived was he who cried in that manner,
and frighted the Governour from Supper. Our Boat was at this time a-shore for
water, and was filling it in a small Brook by the Banquetting-house. I know not
whether our Boats Crew took notice of the Alarm, but the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dutch</i> call'd to them; and bid them make haste aboard, which they
did; and this made us keep good watch all Night, having all our Guns loaded and
primed for Service. But it rained so hard all the night, that I did not much
fear being attack'd by any <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Malayan</i>;
being informed by one of our Seamen, whom we took in at <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Malacca</i>, that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Malayans</i>
seldom or never make any attack when it rains. It is what I had before observed
of other <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Indians</i>, both East and West:
and tho' then they might make their Attacks with the greatest advantage on Men
armed with Hand-guns, yet I never knew it practised; at which I have wondered;
for it is then we most fear them, and they might then be most successful,
because their Arms, which are usually Lances and Cressets, which these <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Malayans</i> had, could not be damaged by
the Rain, as our Guns would be. But they cannot endure to be in the Rain: and
it was in the Evening, before the Rain fell, that they assaulted the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dutch</i> Boat. The next Morning the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dutch</i> Sloop weighed, and went to look
after the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Malayans</i>; but having sailed
about the Island, and seeing no Enemies they anchored again. I also sent Men
ashore in our Boat to bring off the Mizen-yard that I had cut the Day before:
But it was so heavy a kind of Timber, that they could not bring it out of the
Woods. Captain <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Minchin</i> was still
ashore, and he being acquainted with it, desired the Governour to send a
Soldier, to shew our Men what Trees were best for our use: Which he did, and
they presently cut a small Tree, about the bigness and length of that which I
cut, and brought it aboard. I immediately went to work, and having fitted it
for use, bent my Sail, and hoisted it up in its place. In the Evening Captain</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 56 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Minchin</i>
and Mr. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Richards</i> and his Wife came
aboard, having stayed one Night at the Fort; and told me all that happened to
them ashore.'' </div>
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<br /></div>
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In 1690 the Dutch garrison was " cut off " by the
Malays under one Panglima Kulup. Hamilton alludes to it—" Perak is properly
a part of the Kingdom of Johore but the People are untraceable and rebellious
and the Government anarchical. Their religion is a heterodox Mahometanism. The
Country produces more Tin than any in India but the Inhabitants are so
treacherous, faithless and bloody, that no European Nation can keep Factories
there with safety: The Dutch tried it once, and the first year had their
Factory cut off. They then settled on Pulo Dingding, an Island at the North of
the river Perak but about the year 1690 that Factory was also cut off." On
24 June 1693 an order was given that, in consequence of this massacre, no
garrison should be posted again at Pulau Dinding but that a stone pillar should
be-erected there, having on one side the arms of the United East India Company
and on the other those of the United Provinces—as a token of Dutch possession.
In 1695 and 1721 and 1729 orders were issued for the repair of this stone. </div>
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On 20 November 1745 Governor-General Gustraaf Willem, Baron
van Imhoff ordered the rebuilding of the fort at Pulau Dinding: it was to have
a garrison of 30 Europeans and 30 Asiatics but <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">no</i> Bugis. Then, according to Malacca records under the date 22
October 1746, an under-merchant, Ary Verbrugge, was sent to Perak to ascertain
if the king would allow a fort to be erected up-river and agree to sell all tin
to the Company. On 25 June 1747 Sultan Muzaffar Shah III of Perak signed an
agreement to deliver all tin to the Dutch at the rate of 26 ducatoons (or
pillar-dollars, worth 5s. 3d.) a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>
of 375 lbs. besides two Spanish dollars payable to the King for duty, granted
permission for a fort to be built anywhere on the estuary and agreed to require
all vessels to call there for the examination of their cargoes. A Malay history
of Perak, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Misa Melayu</i>, describes
how the Dutch fortified a brick factory (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gudang</i>)
at Pangkalan Halban on Tanjong Putus, where all tin had to be sold to them at
30 reals a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> with 2 reals payable
to the Sultan as duty: the Sultan derived a large revenue and all the Malays
got a lot of dollars. Every three years the Dutch captain was relieved. One
captain obliged Sultan Muzaffar by decoying a Malay traitor into the brick
factory " and the will of God was accomplished upon His servant who was
not permitted to sin any longer " but taken aboard a sloop and conveyed to
Malacca. A factory established up-river, on 18 October 1748 van Imhoff ordered
the removal thither of the garrison from Pulau Dinding which was insalubrious. </div>
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On 17 October 1765, when Petrus Albertus van der Parra was Governor-General,
yet another contract was made between the</div>
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Company and the next Sultan of
Perak, Muhammad (or Mahmud) Shah:—' </div>
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"
Governor-General Petrus Albertus van der Parra.</div>
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October 17, 1765.</div>
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Contract between the Dutch East India Company and Paduca Sri
Sultan Muhammad Shah, King of Perak. </div>
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1. An upright, true and everlasting confidence and
friendship shall subsist between the contracting parties. </div>
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<br /></div>
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2. The King promises to deliver all the tin which his
Country produces exclusively to the Company. </div>
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3. At the rate of C. 36 or Spanish Dollars 11 lbs. per 125
lbs., or per bahar of 375 lbs. Spanish Dollars 34. </div>
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4. The King promises to deliver the tin at the Company's
Factory where the same as well as what his subjects supply shall be weighed
with the Company's Scales and never to deviate from that rule. </div>
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<br /></div>
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5. The King promises to take proper measures to prevent the
smuggling of tin and to interdict the exportation of the same, on pain of
forfeiting vessel and cargo. </div>
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6. If any person were detected to export tin clandestinely,
his vessel and cargo shall be confiscated and the produce be divided between
the King and the Company. </div>
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<br /></div>
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7. All vessels departing, those of the King and Chiefs not
excepted, shall touch at the Factory and be visited there. </div>
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8. If the crew of a foreign vessel were to commit hostile
actions during the visitation, the King and his subjects shall pursue and seize
the same and deliver them over to the Company's Resident. </div>
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9. All European Deserters shall be delivered over to the
Resident and not be permitted to adopt the Muhammadan religion. </div>
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<br /></div>
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10. The King promises to assist the Dutch Garrison on all
occasions and not permit the equipment of pirate vessels. </div>
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<br /></div>
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11. The Company engages to punish her Servants and subjects
who should cause any loss to His Highness. </div>
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12. The King and Company promise strictly to fulfil all the
articles of this Contract. </div>
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13. The King finally promises to publish the Tenor of this
Contract throughout his dominions. </div>
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Signed, Sealed in the Kingdom of
Perak, in the Island Inderasakti, by a Dutch Commissioner and several Deputies
of His Highness." </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 58 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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Under the date 29 September, 1767,
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plakaatboek</i> records that the
Resident of Perak may have 1 police clerk and secretary of justice, 1
dispenser, 1 clerk for trade and 1 paymaster. The same authority reiterates
under the dates 3 August 1753, 14 December 1759, 11 June 1767 and October 1781
that voyagers from Perak must carry a pass from the Resident. Under 20 August
1753 it is recorded that the Amphioen (= Afiun) Societeit had a monopoly of the
opium trade in Acheh and Perak. The contemporary <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Misa Melayu</i> tells how, irked that the most famous of Perak's rulers
refused to receive him at Brahmana Indra because he had neglected to inform the
Laksamana and Shahbandar of his trip upstream and because he bore no presents,
a Tamil interpreter at Tanjong Putus returned to his Dutch employers there and
assured them that this Sultan Iskandar Zul-Karnain was planning an attack on
the factory. The Tamil concocted an " abominable letter " for
Batavia, which brought seven sloops posthaste to Perak. The Sultan was
displeased and the chiefs agreed that it was awkward, as His Highness had only
just started to build a fort and open a settlement at Pulau Chempaka Sari. The
Hollanders consented to wait three days downstream. " Then the inner fort
was made and by the help of God and His prophet and by the majesty of the
Sultan it was completed in three days and guns were ranged around it."
When the Dutch came upstream, they found the Sultan, the princes and chiefs
fully armed and handsomely dressed and hedged by a guard equipped with muskets,
blunderbusses, pistols and spears. Rows and rows of arms and war material were
ranged round. When Ary Verbrugge and his companions entered, they doffed their
hats and " struck with fear of the Sultan and awe for his grandeur "
made no hostile gesture but presented a letter and presents and exchanged elegant
conversation, which led to a further " permanent " agreement
regarding the sale and purchase of tin. As for the Dutch demand on this
occasion, it was in the opinion of the Malay chronicler lighter than usual,
being only for the delivery of 300 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>
of tin within three days: actually 500 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>
were produced and purchased. This passage in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Misa Melayu</i> may refer as Sir William Maxwell thought, to the treaty
of 1765 but, if so, it was executed (as we know) by Mahmud (or Muhammad) Shah,
the younger brother and successor of Iskandar Shah. </div>
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Again in Iskandars reign three sloops brought Commissary Ary
Veerbrugge to the court at Kota Lumut to ask for tin to be sent to the Dutch
lodge where it would be weighed. But the Sultan decided to build a
weighing-station at Kuala Bidor. One day the Dutch captain called out to the
Shahbandar, who was passing in a dug-out, to visit him. The Shahbandar refused
and was chased by the sailors who asked if he were afraid of meeting tigers in
their ketch. " No " said he, " but there are a number of pigs
" and he refused to go being a great chief and ashamed to pay attention to
infidels. The Dutch fired on him and the Mantri.</div>
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At night the Shahbandar escaped
up-river to report to the Sultan. The Mantri, thought to be missing, was hiding
up a side stream. Just then, ignorant of these happenings, the Laksamana came
up from Tanjong Putus and called on the Dutch captain. The captain feared that
he had offended the Sultan but " it was all a mistake: his men had been
shooting monkeys as white folk must and the Shahbandar had thought they were
aiming at him." The Laksamana carried this excuse to the Sultan, who on
the advice of his chiefs sent 300 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>
of tin aboard the ketch and himself went as far as Tanjong Putus in pursuit of
persons who had attacked the Dutch there. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Misa Melayu</i>
alludes briefly to one more embassy from Batavia late in Iskandar's reign, and
tells how the fleet of the Bugis invaders in 1770 A.D. entered the Perak river
and alarmed the Dutch by anchoring off their factory. But hostilities with the
English were ending the days of Holland's influence in Perak. In 1783 when the
State was visited by Captain Forrest, there was no longer a Dutch factory at
Tanjong Putus:— </div>
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" The Dutch contract with the King for all the tin at
10 Spanish dollars per <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pikul,</i> but
much of it is smuggled to Pulau Pinang by way of Larut and Kuala Kangsar.... I
went up in a country covered boat from Tanjong Putus to pay my respects to the
King of Perak who received me in a large upper-room house with great state
having about 20 guards in the room, dressed in black satin garments,
embroidered on the breast with a golden dragon; they wore mandarin caps and
appeared altogether in the Chinese style; some were armed with halberts, some
held pikes in their hands and a few had musquets without bayonets. The King
made me sit on a chair before a sofa on which he sat himself: his courtiers,
about 12 or 14 in number, all stood. After some little conversation the King
asked me if the Dutch meant to return to Perak. I answered that I believed they
did, on which he looked grave. He then withdrew: and his brother entertained me
with a cold collation at which two more persons sat down. I had presented the
King with two pieces of Bengal taffeta and found when I got into the boat a
large present of jacks, durians, custard apples and other fruits. I left Perak
river in December, 1783. Much rain fell in November." </div>
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Before 1792, when Forrest's book was published, the Dutch
had again settled at Tanjong Putus. In fact, soon after 1786, when Penang was
founded and made a free port by the English, Captain Glass commanding the
British troops there wrote that " the Dutch have a small stockade fort in
Perak with about 50 people there to prevent the natives from carrying the tin
to other markets; but with all their precautions the quantity they used to
receive is greatly lessened since the settlement of this island. The people of
Perak are in general very ignorant, their revenues so small and their residence
so far inland that little is to be feared</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 60 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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from their animosity and less to be
hoped from their friendship while connected with the Dutch.... Near Perak river
it is well cultivated and it contains 30,000 people, exports annually 5,000 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pikul</i> of tin which is delivered to the
Dutch at 32 Spanish dollars per <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahara</i>
of 428 lbs." In 1795 Malacca was taken by the English and in the same year
Christoffel Walbeehm its commandant surrendered the Dutch factory in Perak:
" Lord Camelford, then a Lieutenant in the Navy, and Lieutenant Macalister
proceeded there with a small force and compelled the Dutch garrison to surrender." In 1818 Malacca was restored
to the Dutch but the establishment of Penang had robbed the Dutch of their tin
monopoly. " In 1819 " says Low, " the Dutch tried to
re-establish themselves on the island of Pangkor off the mouth of the Perak
river but were unsuccessful." </div>
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<br /></div>
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The decay of the Dutch Company had begun as early as the end
of the seventeenth century. Between her naval war with the Commonwealth in 1652
and the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 Holland was constantly at war with England or
France or both, a condition that drained her of men and money. The cold-blooded
business exploitation of Malayan countries led to endless revolts, whose brutal
suppression cost the Company great sums. And there was the dishonesty of the
Company's servants to which Bort alludes in his instructions to the Perak
Superintendent. These factors made the Company incompetent to retain its
monopolies and compelled it gradually to abandon one group of the islands after
another. Finally in 1795 a commission appointed by the States General reported
that the Company was bankrupt and its commerce almost ruined. In 1798 the newly
established Batavian Republic annulled the charter of 1602 and took over the
remaining possessions of a Company that had dominated Perak for a century and a
half.</div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Perak, Malaysia4.807294 100.80000513.7946925 99.5365776 5.8198954999999994 102.06343260000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-15245842799094328272012-03-31T00:55:00.001+08:002012-03-31T01:20:51.951+08:00Chapter V - THE DUTCH AND PERAK. Part [2]<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 36 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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another: we kindled a good fire to
keep off wild Beasts and passed the rest of the night in many pleasant
discourses and tales Thus we daily pitched water and firewood and caught an
abundance of very good Fish, such as Mullet, Pike, Bream, Flounders, Flatfish
and Sea Turtles of good flavour. Meanwhile the black Envoys of Pera started
with the Netherlands Opperhooft for Malacca, and we, being at last ready left
the Island Dinding on the 3rd December to proceed on the voyage to Bengal, but
were scarcely beyond the straits of Pera and out at Sea again, when we were
overtaken by such a violent storm from the North and such a heavy Sea that our
Topsails nearly flew away and were torn in many pieces; the Fore-yard was
broken in the middle and fell down, so that in a distressed condition we were
obliged to go back again to Dinding, there to make another Fore-yard and avoid
the rage of the violent tempests and yawning billows. Sailing back, we arrived
again, towards evening, at the anchorage between the Island Dinding and the
Coast of Pera, and we soon got accustomed to the place where we had been before
and to which we had now again returned. At night we again had rough and stormy
weather, but we now lay quiet encircled by Land and secured against stormy
winds and rolling Sea. Our Sailors went on shore early in the morning, cut down
one of the largest Trees, and having made out of it a new yard, put it up and
also other sails, then weighed anchor and went to sea again." </div>
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<br /></div>
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To return to our ledgers. On 7 February 1664 the President
ordered that the 32 ½ reals a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>
then being paid for Perak tin be raised by 5/8 ths or 4/5 ths of a real to
compensate the Malays for the trouble of bringing it aboard Dutch vessels off
their coast, the lodge still being closed: if it were brought to Malacca, the
price would be 40 reals free of toll. He also lent the Bendahara 400 reals
"to be repaid soon." By April, however, the local price for Perak tin
was raised to 35 rix-dollars a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>,
over and above the toll of 1 in 100; the Company had also decided to allow
Acheh access to Perak and not to take more than half the tin cargoes of
Achinese vessels; moreover, until further notice, it was permitting Moors and
others to visit Perak. Probably the reason for this leniency is to be found in
an entry in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagh-Register</i> under
March 26: "the Perak blockading force could not stand an Achinese attack:
more cruisers wanted at Malacca! " Lucasz, however, reported that the
Queen of Acheh, dismayed at the closing of the lodge at her capital, had now written
to Perak to let the Dutch trade as friends, adding that though they had quitted
Acheh she knew of no reason for hostilities. But the Dutch spoilt their gesture
of generosity, forced though it may have been, by that passion for meticulous
accountancy which often marks trading companies. In 1660 the Sri Paduka Tuan,
an Achinese chief whose province was the care of foreigners, had been given by
Balthasar Bort the privilege of exporting from Perak 30 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar </i>a year of tin free of tax and toll. In 1663 this chief died
and was succeeded</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Dutch and Perak. Page 37</b></div>
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by a Sri Paduka Raja, whereupon
Riebeck enquired if the aforesaid privilege was to be continued. Now, in April
1664, the answer came that it was to cease! Acheh sent a Sri Maharaja Dewa as
its representative to the Perak court, to see that the Dutch did not get too
much tin! On 28 June Perak envoys came to Malacca to ask that the Dutch lodge
be reopened: but Perak could not keep any of her promises for fear of Acheh and
the closing of the lodge had removed the nightmare of sudden massacre. On 19
September the Dutch must have continued to be short of cruisers; for it was
resolved that the Achinese should still be allowed ingress to Perak. Still,
however, the Dutch seized half the tin exported in Achinese vessels, and Lucasz
even took 9 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> out of one of the
Queen's ships because now there was no Dutch Resident at Acheh to check
cargoes! Under 14 October, 1664, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagh-Register</i>
records that the Company had 656 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>
of ore in stock brought from Perak by the Malays of that State, and by the
Malays, Portuguese and Chinese of Malacca; on top of that amount, the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Palleacatte</i> brought a further 164 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>. The output of Perak tin was fair,
though the raising of the price from 31¼ to 35 rix-dollars a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> had had no marked effect:—it was
not raised for tin taken from Achinese craft. Adriaen Lucasz opined that Perak
was now less populous than before and could not produce more tin. At the end of
1664 some Javanese vessels sold rice to Malacca for 20 rix-dollars the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koyan</i> of 4,800 pounds and passed on to
exchange salt for tin at Perak, Kedah and Ujong Salang on the understanding
that they would sell the tin at Malacca. </div>
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On 19 January 1665 the President at Malacca reported to
Batavia that the yacht, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de Fortuijn</i>,
was too small for the Perak blockade and he asked for one or two more ships.
Nevertheless the blockade was so effective that very few Achinese vessels now
visited Perak, and Malacca got good supplies of tin. Surprised, Batavia warned
Johan van Riebeeck at Malacca to beware lest the Achinese were concocting some
dirty trick. In September the galliot <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ganges</i>,
unfit for longer voyages pending repair, was sent to Perak because her
deck-house was well fitted for the exhibition of goods. In November Lucasz wrote
that Perak was tired of Achinese control. The fly-boat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zuylen</i>, 4 tingang and 1 sloop were now engaged in the blockade.
After being closed for two years the lodge was again opened ashore with a fleet
in the estuary for its protection. </div>
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<br /></div>
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In 1668, Bort tells us, Batavia sent a memorandum to the
Shahbandar at Malacca, laying down <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inter
alia</i> that passes for Perak, as also for Johor and Java, had to be signed
both by Shahbandar and Governor: the charge was 1 real for a pass to Perak and
1 to 4 reals for anchorage dues according to tonnage. Javanese vessels often
sailed with Dutch passes to Perak taking salt, sugar, onions, leeks and various
small wares which they bartered for tin to be delivered (solely owing to the
blockade) </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 38 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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to the Honourable Company at 40
reals the bahar. But in June 1670 the ruler of Japara (in Java) was discouraged
from sending salt, rice and pepper to Acheh, Perak and Kedah, because the
Company was at war with them. </div>
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<br /></div>
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A letter in the Malacca records dated 5 August 1670 gave
orders to take possession of Pulau Dinding and build there a strong-hold of
wood and another letter dated 31 October 1670 laid down that the garrison
should consist of a sergeant, three soldiers and three sailors. </div>
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From 1676 the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagh-Register</i>
renews its detailed information. In a letter dated 2 March Balthasar Bort
reported that the Dutch sloops were often attacked by Malay pirates off the
coasts of Perak and Kedah and merrily battered them, though in the Perak river
the sloop <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Macareel</i> was surprised
under pretence of friendship by two pirate craft and all but two of her crew
were killed:— the pirate stayed in Perak and had access to the Sultan! In July
off the Perak coast the sloop <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cacap </i>escaped
from Kedah pirates with the loss of three men. In November 1677 a sloop, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the Brak</i>, was sunk at night in. the
Perak river through the fault and imprudence of the crew. </div>
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For 1678 the most valuable record is the report of Governor
Balthasar Bort on Malacca. Though insisting on a garrison of five or six hundred
soldiers for that port, he notes that " the power of Johor is much
reduced, Aatchin (= Acheh) is impotent, and has no appearance of once more
attaining any considerable power and the kings of Pera and Queda are of small
account; wherefore only European foes are to be feared in this place."
Perak was still Acheh's vassal but her suzerain now demanded little tin. "
At the present time 59 men are before Pera, engaged in the blockade of that
place and stationed on the island of Dindingh, which the Honourable Company has
in its possession, occupying a square wooden fort there provided with 9 pieces
of iron ordnance." Their Honours maintained " that all things can be
fitly managed " at the office at Perak by one superintendent merchant, one
deputy or junior merchant, one first assistant, one assistant as bookkeeper of
the yacht there stationed, one captain, one lieutenant and 2 ensigns. Actually
there were two assistants too many and a naval force there which really
required one armed yacht of 50-60 tons and 2 sloops with 60 men for their
crews. This cost more than the old Residency up-river with its ten to twelve
men but the greater supply of tin (about 1,200 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> a year) made " the un-avoidable expenditure in some
measure more tolerable." The 59 men (on the island and in the yacht <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Laren</i>, the sloop <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cacap</i> and the boat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dingdingh</i>)
comprised a superintendent, a skipper, a bookkeeper, three assistants, 3 second
mates, 2 junior surgeons, 8 soldiers and 40 seamen. Everything the yachts and
sloops got from the Company's store was entered in full under the proper date
in the ship's accounts and checked once a year. The</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Dutch and Perak. Page 39</b></div>
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Honourable Adriaen Lucasz, now
promoted chief merchant second in command and administrator of Trade at
Malacca, kept the trade-books, " so well that complaints have never been
made ": along with those of Indragiri and Perak and the ships' books and
all other accounts, they were closed annually on 31 July and sent to Batavia in
September or October. Some of the debts were bad. " The king and nobles of
Pera owe florins 130,606.12.4, the amount still remaining for them to pay of
the 50,000 reals imposed on them by contract in 1659 to pay on account of the
despoiling of the Company's factory and murder of its servants in Perak in
1651. Whenever they deliver tin to the Honourable Company for 31¼ reals per
bhaar, 1¼ reals are written off this debt but they seldom do this." The
outstanding debts in Malacca, Perak and Indragiri in 1678 were florins
842,595.13.4. </div>
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Bort made for the superintendent and council in Perak a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">resume</i> in 1678 of the various orders the
Company had issued concerning that State so that they should not be
overlooked:— </div>
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35 reals a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>
in piece-goods or cash might be paid for good quality tin delivered to the
Company on the Perak river: payment in piece-goods rather than cash was always
to be preferred. Perak vessels with cargoes of tin should be encouraged to sail
to Malacca and promised a good reception but the blockading ships had to remove
so much of their tin-cargoes as would deprive them of a reason for visiting
other places and cause them to sail straight to Malacca, where the tin removed
would be paid for at 40 reals a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar </i>on
presentation of an order for payment signed by the superintendent in Perak:—the
superintendent had also to check and certify the balance of tin left on each
ship so that the Company might get it all. The Dutch staff in Perak was
threatened with heavy penalties if any of them signed orders for payments in
fictitious names so as to keep for themselves the difference between the 30 to
35 reals paid for tin in Perak and the 40 reals paid for it at Malacca. Tin
bought at 30 reals had to be entered separately in the invoice and trade books
" so as to credit the account of the king and nobles of Perak which still
stands at florins 130,606.12.4 on the debit side with 1¼ reals a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar.</i> Discretion must be shown in
dealing with tin exported from Perak actually for the queen of Acheh and only a
part of it taken out after a suitable agreement has been reached with her
ministers; for it is said that only 40 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bhaer</i>
yearly ought to belong to Her Majesty from the country of Perak as an
acknowledgment of her suzerainty. The quantity in one year does not usually
amount to more: if the rulers of Perak make an earnest petition on the matter,
the ship may be allowed to pass without anything being taken from it, so that
we may not make ourselves hated." Persons sailing from Perak to Kedah or
Bengkalis had to deliver their tin to the Company at 30 reals a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>, or if payment were in
piece-goods, at 35 reals, " so as to get more custom for the cloth,
whereto all diligence must be applied." Before a Dutch pass was given to</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 40 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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any Perak vessel, it had to produce
proof under the seal of the Bendahara that the crew were honest folk and not
fugitives. Achinese vessels required no Dutch passes and were to be allowed
free ingress to the Perak river. </div>
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" The Moorish ships which we may on occasion allow to
go to Pera for the purpose of buying elephants and exporting them to Bengale or
Cormandel, as we did last year in the case of the yacht Chaffarie of the Nabob
Mamet Aminchan, are bound to pay the Company's dues, 10% of the elephants
purchased, just as if said animals were brought here and then exported; they
are bound also to deliver all their tin to the Honourable Company. Hereto you
must give careful heed, assessing the cost of the elephants here and demanding
the dues, taking over all the tin (without releasing any), granting passes and
putting at the disposal of the owners of the mineral an assignment to enable
them to demand payment for it at 40 reals the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bhaer</i> of 375 lbs., either here in Malacca, or in Bengal or Cormandel,
also writing with each ship to the Company's servants in the places, which are
its destination, a short note giving the number of the exported elephants,
their cost and the dues paid thereon, together with the quantity of tin
delivered. </div>
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" But you shall not allow other ships and vessels,
having no passes issued by us, in Pera, but shall direct them to Malacca to ask
for passes and you are authorized to take some goods from Malay or Javanese
vessels, which have cargoes of consequence, to be held in pawn as security, in
this way hindering them from going to other places, especially if they have
come from the North and have passed by Malacca without calling there. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" The people of Queda itself must be refused entrance
to Pera: even if they have a pass from our blockading force there, this pass
you have to take away and send to us, allowing within the blockade only such
natives of that state with their passes issued by us as have nothing but
provisions in their vessels or bring some tin to sell to you or to bring
themselves to Malacca, otherwise none. </div>
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<br /></div>
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" The people of Pera voyaging to Queda and Bencalis
may, on their return, bring only rice, wax, iron and other similar trifling
necessaries, without any quantity of piece goods or calicoes, which are brought
here from Malacca and Aatchin in more than sufficient quantity for them. </div>
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" Company's cloths have hitherto usually been sold in
Pera at the following prices, viz.: </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJZDqFbUn8o8przXwtoK2fg5dHmbgliuEN9ps-jqQX6qlTtgVcEv7dFExOE36eT18tVa8AdwFoOoSXNq5wstfzHectbJm-t-dxRiIjXBk5UgEdP4bO7DLufIv0QEU9g9my-HW2bjbp_64/s1600/History+of+Perak+Table+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJZDqFbUn8o8przXwtoK2fg5dHmbgliuEN9ps-jqQX6qlTtgVcEv7dFExOE36eT18tVa8AdwFoOoSXNq5wstfzHectbJm-t-dxRiIjXBk5UgEdP4bO7DLufIv0QEU9g9my-HW2bjbp_64/s400/History+of+Perak+Table+1.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Price of cloth in Dutch Perak</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Dutch and Perak. Page 41</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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" However, you will not be able to tie them down to
this rate, but will have power to waive so much of it as by exact enquiry you
learn is done up river in Pera by others, following thus merchants' usage, but
taking care that said piece goods and calicoes are not dealt with at a lower
rate than they are worth here in Malacca, reckoning the tin that is taken for
them at 35 reals per bhaer. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" The tin which is given in pawn and is paid for here
in Malacca at 40 reals the bhaer is almost always smelted into bars easy to
handle: so that no allowance must be made for loss in smelting. Such deduction
is necessary only in the case of trade tin and then only for what has been
actually smelted from small pieces into ingots easy to handle and (it should be
estimated) at 1%, at which we are of opinion you will be safe from loss. When
receiving the tin you must be careful to see that it is not mixed with lead or
fraudulently adulterated with earth or stone. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" Credit dealings have been definitely forbidden for a
long time past by our masters on account of the great loss occasionally
suffered therefrom. We therefore recommend you also to avoid the same as far as
is in any way feasible. However, if the king and the great nobles sometimes
make written request (as is their custom) through their servants for piece
goods and calicoes, you may, in order to do them no discourtesy, agree,
provided, that is, that the quantity is not too great, and afterwards make
civil demand for payment. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" At every opportunity we must be advised not only of
the state of things and of events in Pera but also of the amount of tin in
store, so that we may regulate our action accordingly and you may have it when
necessary fetched away. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" You must not occupy a larger area yonder on shore
than necessity demands and must not risk much tin there, so that we may not be
surprised by rascals and robbed of the tin. Be careful to have the tin in stock
sent to us by all ships and sloops coming to Malacca by way of Pera, if they
have room or are convenient for this purpose, when the tin amounts to 20, 30 or
more bhars. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" However all the tin you ship away must be weighed in
the Dutch scales, which can be done without loss to you, in such wise that it
does not fall short in the weighing, otherwise the Superintendent of Pera (for
the Honourable Company cannot suffer thereby) shall be bound to make good the
shortage, it being understood that if the pieces are delivered otherwise, i.e.
short, the signatories of the bill of lading must answer and be liable for any pieces
missing. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" All expenses, wherein you must aim as much as
possible at economy and incur none not absolutely necessary, you shall (as has
been done in the past) debit to the tin, whenever any is sent to Malacca, for
it is only fair that the trade should bear the expenses</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 42 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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incurred in getting it. Remember
also to record in the ships' books, as is customary, the ship's expenses,
charging the yacht therewith. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" Of the tin exported to Malacca on the one hand and to
Aatchin and the countries dependent on that kingdom on the other, you must keep
proper record, so that at all times, when required, the quantity on each
account can be shown. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" The grant made formerly to Sirij Paducca Tuan,
governor of the foreigners in Aatchin, of the right to export 30 bhars of tin
yearly from Pera without handing any of it over to us, became invalid on the
death of said Orangh Caya, so that you have now to pay no regard to it. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" Any tin supplied to you at 30 reals the bhaer by the
nachodas of Aatchin vessels during their stay in Pera, so that they may in
return transport a like quantity afterwards to Aatchin (as has been done
habitually by many in the past), you shall accept on that condition and allow
said nachodas to depart unhindered with the like quantity without committing
any fraud, so as not to incur the heavy penalty attaching thereto. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" Tin smuggled in any ships shall, when discovered, be
taken out of them, but the owners shall all the same be paid for it at 30 reals
the bhaer, if they are men of Pera or Aatchin, but they must be warned not to
do it again, on pain of being more hardly dealt with. A notification of each
case must be made to the rulers in Pera. If foreigners attempt such smuggling,
the tin shall be taken from their ships and confiscated, in whole or in part
according to circumstances, to the benefit of the Honourable Company, the
discoverers of the smuggling being given a modest present therefrom, so as to
encourage them again to keep a sharp look out on other occasions. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" The Honourable Company pays no duties in Pera on
imported merchandise and wares, but, on exported tin which is bought at 30
reals the bhaer and at no higher price, we are subject to a duty of 2 reals 24
stivers per bhaer, and, in addition, on each goerab's cargo, which may be
reckoned at 100 bhaers, to 3 reals 45 stivers for steelyard hire (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">daats loon</i>), mast, and anchorage money.
Fulfilment of which obligation must be continued and his dues must be sent
annually to the king in cash or piece goods without reduction of the amount due
to His Majesty in any degree, so as to give him no reasons for complaint
against us. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" The Civil (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Seville</i>)
reals of eight in specie, which, like the Mexican, are not desired in Pera,
although they are good silver and heavy, and moreover are current like other
reals here in Malacca, as elsewhere under the Company's rule, for 24 heavy
double stivers, you must try to recommend the people of Pera to accept in
payment for their tin and, if the provincial dollars could also be introduced
and given currency yonder, it would be a very desirable</div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Dutch and Perak. Page 43</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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thing; you must try to get the
people of Pera to listen to this and in time to bring it to pass, which should
bring you much honour. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" You must diligently endeavour to prevent private
individuals from getting even the smallest part of the tin, since it is
obligatory on you and on everyone above all things to abstain therefrom, so as
to avoid loss and ruin to yourselves. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" The favour of the king and all the ruling nobles of
Pera, and among them especially the Dato Bandhara, you must try to gain by
courteous and friendly behaviour for the furtherance of the Company's service
and in order to secure a great quantity of tin. You must treat the people well
and give them no cause for complaint by reason of arrogant speech, as to which
the people of Pera are very sensitive. You may, with this end in view, give
said rulers small presents, as circumstances may require and as may be to our
advantage, without running to excess or going beyond what is moderate, entering
in the accounts what you have actually given in presents, if you can prove it. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" In the past some complaints have been made against us
of not dealing quite fairly yonder when using the steelyard, on taking delivery
of the tin. In order to avoid that scandal in future, the king and the Dato
Bandhara recently promised to appoint a trust-worthy Pera weigher for the
Company and to order him to take up continuous residence near or on the
Company's yacht at the mouth of the river. When he comes, you shall be helpful
to said weigher and accommodate and treat him courteously, allowing him to
weigh on the steelyard all the tin that comes, so that neither one nor the
other party comes short, otherwise he must be answerable and liable therefor. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" Last year the English brought their piece goods and
calicoes from Queda in a sloop and sold them in Pera taking tin to export in
exchange to an amount, according to rumour of about 200 bhaars. In the month of
August last they were again in Pera with a ship coming from Suratta by way of
Aatchin and Queda (having the said sloop again with them), but, on the
resolution of the king and nobles, they were warned off and consequently
compelled to depart thence bootless and ashamed, so that we may hope that they
will not return to Pera or, if they do, that they will again be warned off by
the people of Pera. However, in case English, French or Danes should, contrary
to our confident expectation and the efforts you would then make in the future
happen to get permission to trade yonder, then you must write news of it to us
at the earliest opportunity. In the meanwhile you must not use any rough
measures against said Europeans to hinder their trade and to make them depart
thence, but must leave them in peace and quiet, though holding no communication
with them, or, at any rate, as little as is compatible with good breeding. They
too, on </div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 44 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
their side, must not oppose us, if
we compel the people of Pera to maintain the said contract, since they will
have broken it in admitting said Europeans. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" For instance, you must try to prevent the people of
Pera from going on board English and French [ships], not allowing them to take
any tin on board or to fetch piece goods from them; at first merely forbidding
the same, but, if the people of Pera dare to persist in doing it, use such
forcible means (without, however, venturing on anything reckless or hazardous)
as may be to your hand, taking from them all the tin and piece goods found in
their praos and not restoring them until these Europeans are warned off and
have departed. You must take care above all that our people do not trade with
them, prohibiting this on pain of severe punishment. So long as said Europeans
are yonder, no tin must be released for Aatchin, nor must any vessels from
Aatchin be allowed to proceed up river to Pera. You must always give us
detailed information of all matters touching these things. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" You must also make secret enquiries whether said Europeans
have brought with them goods belonging to Moors subject to Malacca's dues and
right, which they thus unjustly filch from the Company. In such case you should
explain this to them and see that the Moors with their goods are withdrawn. You
may give them permission to come here with the goods and trade in them, if they
are willing to submit to the payment of the customary dues. " </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
You must not keep a larger force than 50 men for the
blockade, in addition to those who are at present stationed in the house on the
island of Dingding, if there is no more work to be done than there is at this
time. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" You shall have the order recently issued by the
fiscal, Jacob Martensz. Schagen to the authorities on said Dingding conformed
to on all points, keeping the people there from infringing it and taking
careful note of their good and bad behaviour. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" If English, French, Danish, Portuguese or other
Europeans lie in the harbour of Dingding or are in the river of Pera, you must
give diligent heed to prevent any malicious or discontented persons from
contriving to hide on their ships and so get away. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" You must not deprive our ships passing Pera of their
equipment and, if you take anything of which you have need from them, you must
give a payment order for it, as is fitting. But, in order commonly to be
provided with so much the more willing servants, you shall be empowered to give
the equivalent sum in exchange for a signed order to such members of all our
ships, yachts and sloops, without exception, happening merely to pass yonder,
whether they come from here, Batavia or elsewhere and have other destinations
or are on their way from other places hither, as happen to finish their time in
Pera and have no desire to sign on again or</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Dutch and Perak. Page 45</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
to stay there any longer. But this
must be done on the understanding that said ships are commanded by skippers; in
the case of any special persons of higher degree being on board, permission
must be asked with due respect of them and no action taken in this matter
without their consent, in accordance with the letter of authorization on this
point issued 16 July 1667 to the superintendent of Pera to this end. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" Company's servants, however, who have served their
time and are desirous of continuing still longer or who during their time of
service are found suitable for and are appointed to some office, shall send us
a request in due form for renewed engagement to the Company with increase of
pay or to be in such wise improved as the general ordinance indicates. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" The carpenters attached to you in the blockading
force must be employed continuously and, if there is urgent work to be done,
must work at the sloops and small vessels as well as the yacht to the end that
they do good service and that said servants really earn the high wages they
get. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" Company's piece goods and calicoes yonder with the blockading
force, you must have examined and aired at least every fortnight in fine
weather, so that they may not get musty, spotted or damp or be damaged by ants.
Loss occurring through neglect of this shall otherwise be put to your account. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" When asking for the cash, piece goods, food, ship's
equipment, medicines and other material needed by the Pera blockading force,
you shall apply to us here in Malacca by a regular requisition, response to
which you have to expect, when opportunity serves, to such extent as we judge
useful and as can be spared from our stores. On receipt of any cash,
merchandise or other goods, you shall examine, count or weigh them in the
presence of the persons bringing them or of two credible witnesses, and shall,
on every occasion, report to us in writing on the result and form thereof, so
that we may make use of it to have compensation or payment made by those
through whose negligence anything shall have been delivered damaged or short
and, in order that we may convince them, you can send us also an attestation,
signed by the persons who were present at the delivery of the goods. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" Those persons, who allow any of the passing ships to
escape us, must be sent hither to be made to suffer here their well merited
punishment. But those members of the force stationed under you yonder in the
blockade, who happen to commit any fault or offence under civil law, you
yourself may judge in accordance with the general ordinance, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the heaviest sentence in your power being
keel hauling</i>, so as to deter others from similar evil course. Delinquents
guilty of more criminal offences you shall send under arrest to us to receive
sentence here as the facts of the case demand.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 46 A History of Perak.</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" You shall maintain a correspondence with the
blockading forces of Queda and Oedjang Salangh, sending letters at every
opportunity, wherein you record everything that has happened to you, as they
also have orders to; since it is frequently necessary in the interests of the
Company that the one should be informed of the condition and actions of the
other, so that they may make use of this knowledge the more surely in similar
or other circumstances. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" By distributing the sloops and vessels you have at
your disposal to lie on watch by night in the river of Pera, you must, as far
as possible, contrive to prevent any vessels from going out or coming into the
same by stealth and so defrauding the Honourable Company of its lawful rights. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" At all spring tides or whenever there is no necessary
work to be done, you must examine the rivers of Barnam, Larot, Dingding and
Borrewas together with the streams and creeks in the surrounding districts by
means of the sloops, if you have any at your disposal for the purpose, and
sometimes have a little cruising done at the Sambilangs. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" In the case of vessels met with, which are not exempt
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">onvrij</i>) or unprovided with a pass,
you shall put none of our people in danger, but shall seize the nachoda, or two
others of the principal persons, and all the tin they have in the ship and then
have the vessels brought to the Pera blockading force, charging our people to
take good care of the persons seized and to give not the least opportunity of
doing them harm, dealing with the said vessel as stated above. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" Our cruisers may certainly employ arms to secure
control of the Saletters, who are usually armed and have no goods or cargo of
importance, if they offer resistance and it is consequently impracticable by
gentler methods. Preference should, however, be given to the latter over the
sternest measures and all unnecessary bloodshed should be avoided. You shall
then, when occasion serves send these pirates to us under arrest to be put in
chains or otherwise dealt with as the case may demand. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" You must take careful heed to the prevention of all
abuses and attacks on honest men in mistake for bad ones. You must give to all
the people of Pera going out daily to fish or to drag for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">krang</i> or oysters a free pass note to show to our cruisers, if they
meet any. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" In the issue of provisions you must maintain the
requisite order according to the general ordinance, and must see to preventing
the arrack from being drunk up at once on the sloops, as is customary yonder,
but that each man is given daily his ordinary ration, so as to prevent all
dissoluteness and needless waste of provisions, you yourself setting a good
example in sobriety and numerous other</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Dutch and Perak. Page 47</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
virtues. You must keep memorandum
books of the consumption of all food, drink, ship's and other necessaries, so
that you can, when required, give an account of everything. Good care must
always be taken of the barrels also and none must be neglected, but all kept in
good condition. At every opportunity you must remember to send as many to us as
can be spared yonder, so that it may be possible, as necessity arises, to
reprovision the blockading force so much the more conveniently. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" You must close the trade books on the last day of
June and at the first opportunity after that day send them hither, so that they
may be duly entered in the trade books of Malacca. The ships' books must also
be here every year in good time, so that they can be sent to Batavia and thence
to Holland. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" If circumstances arise as to which no special order
is given here, such action shall be taken as you shall judge to be demanded by
the interest of the Honourable Company, after you have weighed everything well
with the Council, which shall consist of the superintendent, the skipper and
the bookkeeper together with all such persons in addition as the general
ordinance names. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" In conclusion we recommend you always to be on your
guard and in an attitude of defence, keeping both large and small firearms
ready for use, so as not to be surprised unprepared by our open enemies or
false friends, whom, if they have committed an act of hostility against you,
you are not bound to respect, but, in such case, may certainly (according to
nature's law) resist force by force. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Relying on all of which injunctions, I commend you and the
Company's interests entrusted to you to God's beneficent protection." </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
" Again there was issued an
order for Caspar Wensel of Calis in Saxony, sergeant in the service of the
Dutch East India Company and also superintendent appointed over the island of
Dingding, and those who may be stationed there hereafter, according to which
they have, in general, to regulate their action. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" The highly esteemed Honourable Company has not only
had an eye on said island of Dingding, which has never yet been held by any of
the neighbouring peoples nor been counted as part of their territory, but has
for a period of over 20 years almost continuously had its servants there,
especially members of the Pera blockading force, who did carpentry and other
services and in consequence it has of necessity been occupied by our people
from that time, onwards, although only partially. This occupation it is now
decided to make complete and therefore to that end to have a house built, so
that other Europeans, and especially the English, should not be beforehand with
us in taking it and drawing the same island into their sphere and service. The
house is now<br />
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<b>Next Part : Chapter V - THE DUTCH
AND PERAK. Part [3]</b></div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Perak, Malaysia4.807294 100.80000513.7946925 99.5365776 5.8198954999999994 102.06343260000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-75046337747712265402012-03-31T00:45:00.006+08:002012-03-31T01:21:01.459+08:00Chapter V - THE DUTCH AND PERAK. Part [1]<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
In 1602 the Netherlands, compelling the amalgamation of the
several Dutch companies that since 1596 had started to trade in the Orient,
gave a monopoly to the Dutch East India Company. In the same year Jacob van
Heemskerk anchored off Johor and was welcomed by the Sultan as an ally against
the hated Portuguese, van Heemskerk captured a Portuguese caraque from Macao,
whose cargo was sold for three and a half million dollars; deeply respected for
this exploit he took back to Holland two Malay envoys from Johor, Megat Mansur,
who died on the voyage, and Enche' Kamar. In 1606 Admiral Matelief visited
Kedah and made a treaty with Johor, promising to help the Sultan capture
Malacca from their common enemy, the Portuguese, in return for the right to
trade with Johor free of duty and to the exclusion of all other Europeans. The
siege of Malacca was begun but abandoned, Matelief growling at Johor's
Bendahara, author of the " Malay Annals," for his dilatoriness as a
soldier, but in the same year, 1606, the Admiral with eleven ships defeated a
Portuguese fleet of twenty-six sail off Malacca and won for Holland that
command of the sea which was so vital to the salvation of Portuguese empire. In
1611 the Dutch Company thought of moving their head-office from Java to Johor.
In 1615 finding it very costly to maintain 22 forts, 4,000 troops and 30 large
ships to fight the Portuguese, it proposed to London that the English East
India Company should bear part of the cost and that, Portugal vanquished, the
two Companies should divide the Eastern trade. But unlike the Dutch, the London
Company was not backed by the English government; it had profited by the Dutch
fleet without diminishing its dividends by a doit; it was more interested in
India than in the Malay archipelago; in 1614 it instructed its principal agent
in the East " in Junckalan and Pera is great store of Tin held as good as
English Tin, but it is so bought up that it will require great time and trouble
to get it and to adventure in Moor ships would not be safe, and their own
Pinnaces too chargable, so I leave it as no way worthy." The Directors
temporised. From 1618 English and Dutch were at open war. In 1623 the Dutch
massacred a number of Englishmen on Amboyna, one of the Spice Islands, and even
before this England had determined to close her factory at Patani and keep
posts only at Acheh and Jambi, Japara and Bantam in Java, and Macassar in
Celebes. In 1635 the English signed a treaty with moribund Portugal and tended
to support her against Holland. On 14 January 1641 the Dutch wrested Malacca
from the Portuguese and there-after dominated the trade-route to the East
Indies and to China. In 1649, having driven English commerce almost off the
seas, they imposed terms on the Great Mogul and seemed likely to become paramount
from China to the Cape of Good Hope. Such in briefest outline was the position
of a Company which from 1641 until 1795 was to play so great a part in Perak's
history.</div>
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Before 1641 references to Perak in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagh-Register</i> are few and short, one of them a remark in 1634 that
Acheh was the only obstacle to the tin trade. Bort says that from 1639 the
Dutch Company traded peacefully in Perak by virtue of a contract made with her
suzerain, Acheh. Then under 14 June 1641 the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagh-Register </i>tells how a head-merchant Jan Dircxen Puijt anchored
between the Sembilan Islands and the Dindings with a cargo worth florins*
17810.18.5 for the Perak trade, a present from the Governor of Malacca for the
Sultan and a letter proposing that Perak should stop all dealings with
foreigners and sell the whole of its tin to the Company at a reasonable price.
The Sultan presented gold creeses to Puijt and his companion Vermeeren but that
year forty-one Javanese and Chinese vessels had exported tin from Perak "
under passes from the upper-merchants Sourij and Gent, a thing highly
prejudicial to the negotiations and inclining the king to support free trade,
which must be prevented by cruisers." Awaiting Puijt in Perak had been the
merchant Jan Hermansen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">for some years</i>
superintendent in Perak but now director of the tin-trade with Perak, Kedah,
Bangri and Ujong Salang (Junk Ceylon). Hermansen was bound for Kedah. The
Sultan said he would consult his chiefs and reply to the Dutch proposal when
Hermansen returned. On 19 October Sr. Hermans (sic) arrived back in Perak with
a cargo of tin and four elephants bought in Kedah for 2087¾ reals (or Spanish
dollars), of which one was to die on the voyage to Batavia and another to fall
overboard and be drowned! The Sultan still temporized. No monopoly of tin! and
in Ligor Coromandel stuffs had a bad market on account of the great supply of
cloths from Perak and Kedah. On 29 October, 1641, the yacht <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Franecker</i> sailed from Batavia with 77182
pounds of tin, of which 7722 were got by Sr. Hermans in Kedah, 40598 by
Hendrick van Napels at Ujong Salang and 28868 by Puijt in Perak. Puijt was in
high favour with the Sultan of Perak, who bestowed on him the title Sri Raja
Johan Pahlawan and an Achinese creese and a sword, placed him above the
Shahbandar in charge of Perak's port and put a new lodge at his disposal in
place of a ramshackle building nearly tumbling into the river. On 13 May Puijt
brought to Malacca in the shallop <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de
Sterre</i> 26179 pounds of tin. He reported that about 8,000 guilders had been
paid in advance against the delivery of tin, that he had left his remaining
stock and 450 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bidor</i> † of tin with his
assistant Obbe Heeres and that the Sultan still owed the Company 1700 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bidor</i> of tin. This year sixty-five </div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">* r<sup>a</sup>., r<sup>e</sup>. = real, pieces of eight,
Spanish dollar, r<sup>d</sup>. = rijksdaalder, rixdollar of the Holy Roman
Empire (or one of its States), a coin of variable value and usually less than
the real. f. = florin or guilder (gl., gldr.) worth 20 stivers, about Is. 9½d.:
three florins or guilders = 1 real or Spanish dollar. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">† bidor, a slab of tin weighing 3 Dutch pounds or (nowadays)
2 2/3 lbs. avoirdupois. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bhaar, bhaer,
bhar</i>, = Arabic <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>, Sanskrit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahara </i> ‘a load.' 1 bahar = 3 pikul or nowadays 400
lbs. avoirdupois. The Dutch reckoned it at 375 of their pounds generally.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 26 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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Javanese and Chinese vessels had
visited Perak, importing small sundries, spoiling the cloth market and carrying
away 370 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of tin. Puijt wanted
well-assorted cloths to the value of 12000 guilders and in order to stop the
Java and China trade, permission to risk disposal of 70% of his stock against
delivery of 250 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar </i>of tin. There
was considerable trade with Perak from Acheh and Puijt was of opinion that an
agreement could be concluded that beside the Dutch only Acheh should be allowed
to engage in the Perak tin trade. At the same time the Governor-General was
urging that, as in Portuguese days, cruisers should intercept all Moors'
vessels bound for Perak, Kedah and Ujong Salang and bring them to Malacca to
pay toll, this measure being designed to increase not only the tin trade but
business at Malacca and to make Patani a profitable market for cloth.
Accordingly in October the yacht <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de Vos</i>
brought to Malacca a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">wangkang</i> bound
from Palembang to Perak with a cargo of salt and sundries; but the captain
blamed the inefficiency of his helmsman and the boat was released on payment of
the ordinary toll. In the same month the yacht <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Schagen</i> captured a Javanese boat off Pulau Parcelar: the cargo was
confiscated and the crew condemned to work in chains to frighten others from
going to Perak and Kedah without visiting Malacca for permits. </div>
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In February 1642 the butler Arent Pater was sent to Deli to
exchange for slaves wares unsalable in Perak but worth about 1000 guilders.
That shrewd business man Puijt had suggested this method of disposing of wares
unsalable in Perak, Kedah and Ujong Salang. In March 1642 Johor had signed a
treaty recognizing that all Johor vessels sailing west of Malacca should call
there for permits and on 11 July the king of Kedah agreed not to admit ships to
his ports without Dutch permits and to sell the Dutch Company half the tin
produced in his State at a fixed price. On 22 July, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de Duijff</i> brought to Batavia 26176 lbs. of tin purchased by Puijt
in Perak for f. 6607.12.14 and on 8 September the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Schagen</i> brought 28947 lbs. purchased for f. 7342.4. But Puijt still
complained of the poorness of the Perak trade owing to the quantity of cloth
imported by Achinese, Javanese, Moors and Bengalis. The Sultan of Perak and his
Bendahara resented the regulation that all Indian vessels must call at Malacca
for permits, while the Bendahara angry at the treatment of one of his vessels
boasted that he would take back the lodge lately given to Puijt. In 1644 things
came to a head. The Sultan refused to hand over to a Dutch commissioner, van
Gent, a Cambodian ship which claimed to have a pass from a merchant, Bronckman,
excusing her from getting a permit at Malacca: His Highness declared that those
on board were well-born Minangkabaus under the protection of his suzerain, the
Queen of Acheh. The Governor at Malacca sent the yachts <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de Vos</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lieffde</i> to
blockade the Perak river and close it to Malay and Javanese vessels. Perak
despatched envoys to Malacca and in October Sr. Walraavan sailed to Perak in
the</div>
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yacht <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maccareel</i> with orders to lift the blockade, reopen an office and do
anything else likely to secure a monopoly of the trade. A Commissary Vlamingh
was sent to Acheh to try to explain the blockade of Perak but his explanations
were so unpalatable that Acheh would not lift a finger to persuade Perak to
give the Dutch a monopoly. In 1645 an agreement was made between the Dutch and
Acheh but in spite of it Moors from India enjoyed the tin trade with Acheh and
the Malay Peninsula, and the Company got only " fair words and friendly
faces." On 3 July 1647 the Dutch " considering that they snap up all
the tin in Perak under our very noses and stuff the country full with their
piece-goods " decided to interdict Moors of Surat, Coromandel, Bengal and
Pegu from trading with Acheh and the tin countries, a decision that led to the
looting of their Surat office in April 1648. But Dutch fleets blockaded the
ports of Acheh and Perak, and the Company threatened to close its lodge in
Acheh. In December 1647 the Queen of Acheh replied to the request of
Governor-General van Lijn that the Dutch might trade with Perak as the
Portuguese had done. She pointed out that already Acheh had agreed to equal
trading rights for Dutch and Achinese, that wise men make many friends and she
would respect all people within her borders including the English, and finally
that not even she had been able to get as much as 600 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of tin for herself from her vassal Perak far less obtain it
for the Dutch. After this missive had been read, the Achinese envoys were
regaled with betel and sweet wine. In 1648 sitting on a raised stool and
guarded by three female lancers and six female musketeers the Susunan of
Mataram, under Dutch pressure, issued a mandate ordaining public floggings for
any of his people who sailed to Perak. In 1649 the capture by Arend Barentsen
of two ships of the Great Mogul with cargoes worth one and a half million dollars
led to an agreement with Surat that Moors from there would no longer sail to
Acheh, Perak, Kedah, Ujong Salang and Malacca, and after the agreement had been
ratified on the Koran fifteen tons of goods were <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">prematurely</i> returned to the Suratis! In the same year the Company
collected in Malacca, mostly from Perak, 770,000 pounds of tin, an
"extraordinary quantity." The Dutch sent to Acheh an ambassador
Truijtman who negotiated a treaty for a monopoly of the Perak tin which caused
the English to leave Acheh. The Queen of Acheh despatched an envoy along with
Truijtman to Perak where her mandate was respectfully obeyed. A treaty was
signed between the Yang di-pertuan, Sultan of Perak, a dependency of Acheh, and
Governor-General Cornells van der Lijn; it recognized that the Queen of Acheh
had granted her own people and the Dutch East India Company a monopoly of the
tin trade to the exclusion of all other Europeans and Indians and had
instructed the Sultan and Chiefs of Perak accordingly. The Sultan promised to
eject all foreigners then trading in his State and to forbid them to return. A
toll of 11 in 140 was to be paid on tin exported. The price for one <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bidor</i> of tin was fixed </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 28 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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at a quarter real of a specified
mint. One <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> or 3 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pikul</i> of tin was fixed as 125 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bidor</i> of the value of 31¼ Spanish
dollars. Standard scales, marked by the Sultan and the Company, were to be
deposited in the Dutch lodge. The treaty was signed in Perak on 15 August 1650
by the Sultan Yang di-pertuan and his Council, the Bendahara, Bendahara Muda,
Orang Kaya Besar and Temenggong. Truitjman took it to Acheh to be ratified and
finally "' after various oppositions " it was signed again by both
parties on 15 December 1650. The Perak lodge was immediately re-opened.
Valentijn records the disastrous sequel:—the factory at " Peirah is
situated on the Malay coast and is subject to the Queen of Acheh. The
establishment which is controlled by an under-merchant is maintained by the
East India Company solely for the trade in tin, which is obtained for cash or
piece-goods at the rate of 50 rix-dollars the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>, but the people are very foul and murderous and they made no
scruple in 1651 of killing all our people. In subsequent years Their
Excellencies frequently had occasion to order the Governor and Council to leave
the place alone, until a good time arrived for avenging this detestable act,
which was afterwards taken in hand." </div>
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There is no <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagh-Register</i>
from lo48 until 1653 when we get one laconic entry for the northern state:
" a yacht left at Perak." But on 15 December of that year Joan
Truijtman negotiated a new treaty with Sultan Muzaffar of Perak, of which we
hear in yet another treaty of 7 December 1655 made between the Dutch Company
and " Sultana Amina Todijn, the young king Muda-Forca, and the Orang
Kayas, Dato Bandara Sri Maradia Besa, Sri Maradia 'diraja, Temenggong Sri
Maradia Lela, Paduka Radia, Montri Paduka Tuan, Laxamana, Chiefs of Perak submissive
to the royal court of Acheh." The following were the provisions of this
later agreement. All war and piracy were to cease. As damages for the cutting
off of the Dutch lodge in 1651 Perak engaged to pay 50,000 reals in specie, of
which part was to be paid in a few days by the delivery of 100 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of tin valued at 31 reals a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> and the remainder by such
instalments as the Queen of Acheh and the Governor-General should decide. The
treaty made in Perak on 15 December 1653 between Truijtman and " the
deceased Sultan Muda-Forca " was to be observed: it gave the Dutch a
monopoly of the tin-trade and fixed the price of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bidor</i> of tin at half a real in specie and the price of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> (375 lbs.) at 31¼. retells. Perak
was to give the Company a piece of land on the river, the length of a
cannon-shot, as a site for a house and wooden store but no arms heavier than
muskets were to be kept there. All disputes were to be referred to Malacca.
Accessories to the 1651 massacre were to be executed, including the Shahbandar.
The Dato' Bendara, formerly Temenggong, who was to have been summoned to Acheh
and relieved of office, would be allowed to continue in office subject to the
pleasure of the Queen of Acheh and the Governor-General. The last clause fixed
import duties and weighing</div>
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fees for cargoes of tin. The treaty
of 1655 was ratified in the hall of the Sultana's palace <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in the presence of fourteen Achinese chiefs</i>. </div>
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" Shortly after " Bort records, " by reason
of Perak's failure to maintain our agents in their rights, the factory was
again abandoned." Perak " rode the high horse," sent tin to
Acheh and let foreigners intrude on the trade. In 1656 Truijtman was sent to
invest the ports of Perak and Acheh. " In July 1656 " writes Valentijn,
" they sent Joan Truijtman the Commissary, with the ships <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Domburg</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Concordia</i> to Malacca, which they reached on the 25th, with the
ambassadors from Acheh. His instructions were to attack the people of Peirah as
enemies but not until he knew the result of his negotiations at Acheh. He was
also instructed, after the withdrawal of our factory at Peirah, to keep away
all foreigners from that place by blockading the roadstead." Truijtman
left on 2 August and blockaded Perak for several months, taking out of all
vessels whatever goods he found. </div>
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“ Ao. 1657. On 25 July Their Excellencies gave orders to
avenge the foul massacre in Perak and to occupy Acheh roadstead anew.''
Balthasar Bort, afterwards Governor of Malacca, was in command, and eleven
years later described the effect of the blockade:—" The English stopped
their trade at Acheh so long as we allowed the Moors to traffic there, but as
soon as we kept the Moors away, they came (according to their old usage) to
fish in our troubled waters, insisting on admission yonder, although we
maintained a blockade of the harbour. .. . This blockade was kept up in 1656,
1657, 1658 and 1659 and reduced Acheh to such straits for cloth that much gold
was sent secretly to Malacca and spent there on cloth; attempts were even made
to buy it on our ships, 160 reals being paid for a bale of Company's common
Guinea cloth. Wherefore the commanders of the blockading force were moved to
demand a good quantity of cloth from Malacca but it was decided not to send it
on the ground that we were at war with Acheh and that no traffic is permissible
with an enemy." And Bort goes on to let the cat out of the bag: vengeance
for the " foul massacre in Perak " veiled the real aim of the
blockade, which was to deprive Acheh of Moorish cloth and compel her to buy it
from the Company. </div>
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In 1659 Acheh must have asked for terms in order to end the
blockade. For on 20 June 1659 the Dutch drafted a fresh treaty with Acheh,
demanding the execution of the Perak Temenggong, the banishment of the Perak
Bendahara, the payment of the agreed indemnity of 50,000 reals, the division of
the tin trade between Acheh and the Dutch, the former to enjoy one-third and
the latter two-thirds, and finally permission to build a lodge in Perak and a
residency in Acheh. At length in the last quarter</div>
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of 1659 or perhaps early in 1660
Acheh accepted a treaty with certain modifications. It is printed in Bort's
Report on Malacca in 1678:— </div>
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" In the year after the birth of our Prophet Muhammad
1070, on Tuesday, 6 Muharram (= 23 September, 1659) the Capade Muda Lela,
attended by the bujangs Cay allula (? = Kaya Lela) and Dendany brought out the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">suasa</i> seal and in the name of God on
command from Her Majesty, came with an order from Her Majesty to Kali Malik
al-'Adil, Orang Kaya Maharaja Sri Maharaja, Orang Kaya Laksamana Sri Ferdana
Mantri, Orang Kaya-Kaya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cacaya</i>) Sri
Paduka Tuan, Orang Kaya-Kaya Raja Bintara, Orang Kaya-Kaya Sri Paduka Megat,
Orang Kaya-Kaya Sri Maharaja Lela, Orang Kaya Raja Udana Lela, Orang Kaya
Paduka Sri Nara, Orang Kaya Maharaja Sri Indra, Orang Kaya Raja Mahkota, Orang
Kaya Sri Paduka Raja Bintara Muda, Raja Lelawangsa, Paduka Maha Mantri, Sri
Ratna Perdana, with all the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hulubalang</i>
and other officers of the royal court: I have made this peace between Achinese
and Dutch not again to come to strife. Thus the Governor-General Joan
Maatsuijcker has, through Sittria (? = <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cheteria,
khastria</i>), Sibidi, Indra Stia, Sri Narawangsa, the commander Jacob Keyser
and the commander Balthasar Bort made the following demands:— </div>
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" Touching the affairs of Perak; if the Bendahara
Paduka Sri Maharaja be not recalled but is forgiven by Her Majesty for all his
faults and allowed to remain Bendahara in Perak, then the commanders Jacob
Keyser and Balthasar Bort will also petition the Governor-General to forgive
his offences and to permit him to continue in Perak, but the Shahbandar (being
now Mantri in Perak) shall be summoned to Acheh and handed over to us to be
judged.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" Her Majesty also grants 50 bahar of tin in
compensation for the goods of the Company stolen in Perak, which the commander
Balthasar Bort shall receive there; also that the price of tin in Perak shall
not be higher than 30 reals until the goods of the Company, amounting to 44,000
reals shall be paid for. When all this debt is cleared, the price shall once
more be set at what it was formerly, viz. 31¼ reals. Moreover no other traders
shall come to Perak to deal in tin, but all traffic therein shall be divided
between the Achinese and the Dutch, each taking just half. If any vessel is
despatched with tin, whether by Achinese or Dutch, an Achinese and a Dutchman
shall always examine it, so that on neither side too much or too little, but by
each just the half, is exported. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
" As to dues the right shall remain such as has been
customary hitherto without change."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Dutch and Perak. Page 31</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The rest of the treaty dealt with Sumatran affairs. It was
confirmed on Sunday, 10 Muharram, at Her Majesty's banquet in the presence of
the two Dutch commanders and of an English captain, William Courtis, with all
joy and gladness in Lalla Lalleij the garden of Her Majesty, Shadow of God in
the World. This queen, who died on 3 October 1675 A.D. having lost all Acheh's
possessions except Perak, bore the style and title Taj jal-'Alam, Safiat ad-din
Shah. Another account coupled Sidria and the Shah-bandar as offenders to be
punished—unless they gave the Company 50 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>
of tin as compensation. " Thus," as Sir William Maxwell observes,
" all the satisfaction ultimately obtained from the Perak Malays was the
promise of the gradual extinction of the indemnity-debt by a reduction of the
price of tin by 1¼ real per <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bhara</i>.
The chiefs were ' forgiven ' by the Governor-General, an euphemism which
probably conceals the practical impossibility of seizing and executing the
persons named. With traders of other nations willing to buy tin at a higher
figure, it is clear that the Malays would only submit to the terms extorted by
the Dutch as long as the latter were strong enough to enforce them and the
position of the monopolists in the plank-house named in the Treaty of 1655 was
not an enviable one. They had to prevent the Malays from evading the treaty by
smuggling tin down the river past their station, and, with no help nearer than
Malacca, they had to live in a flat marshy situation whence fear of the Malays
would seldom allow them to move." </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Actually the monopolists in the plank-house failed. "
On 26 August, 1660," Valentijn records, " Mr. Massis reported to the
Governor of Malacca that the Achinese had again broken the newly-made treaty by
exporting from Perak more tin than they should. The king of Perak and his
chiefs had granted passes to convey the same to Acheh without troubling
themselves further. Thereupon the Malacca authorities decided that Massis
should try to check this export amicably, and on experiencing nothing but
dissimulation, should, as the establishment was on a bad marshy site, ship all
the tin and ready money on board the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alkmaer</i>
and, if need be, keep it there: He was to collect outstanding debts as far as
practicable and report on the situation to Bort, the Commissary at Acheh and to
Groenewegen at the same place." On 2 December 1660 the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alkmaer</i> brought 122 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of tin to Malacca but Acheh had obtained 585 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>; in spite of all vessels for Kedah
and Bengal being intercepted and stopped, the Dutch got little ore from Perak.
Later in December the Queen of Acheh was induced to make another pie-crust
promise which altered the Company's determination to close the factory in
Perak. She ordained that the Company should take over half the tin exported
from Perak in Achinese vessels, except that her four chief ministers were to be
privileged to export for themselves 30 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>
a year: no Achinese vessels except her own were to enter the Perak port without
a </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 31 A History of Perak.</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
permit from the Dutch Resident at
Acheh. A month later Balthasar Bort found in the roads at Acheh the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anna</i> from Coromandel with a cargo of
sixty pieces of ordnance to be exchanged for two elephants, and cloth and
sundries to be bartered for 16 elephants valued by the Moors at 700 reals a
head. Worse still, from Surat had arrived the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Welcome</i> with an English envoy, Harry Gerry, who brought presents
and a letter to the Queen asking for trading rights in Perak and departed with
200 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of tin, 100 of pepper, 200
of sappan wood, agila wood, benzoin, camphor, tortoiseshell and ivory. Not only
the English and the Moors but traders from Johor, Java and Jambi cut into the
Company's trade at Acheh, so that it made no more than florins 16,392.18.2 on
cloth being barely 40¼%. Sumatra, Malacca, Johor and Perak were all
over-stocked with cloth. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
On 28 January, 1661, Paduka Sri Sultana Nur al-'alam (Nakiat
ad-din Shah) wrote to Governor-General Joan Maetsuyker reiterating professions
of Acheh's good-will. She has sent four emissaries (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bujang</i>) to Perak to ensure that 1½ reals be deducted from the price
of every <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of tin until Perak has
liquidated her indemnity debt, but Perak is very poor and will take long to
pay. Half the tin cargo of Achinese vessels is to be sold to the Dutch and half
that on Perak vessels, unless they belong to the Queen's agents or to Perak
chiefs coming to Acheh to pay homage. The royal mint will receive Dutch half
crowns and make them legal tender in Perak. For any breach of her commands the
Queen will punish her vassal. She gave Balthasar Bort the title of Orang Kaya
Commander Raja and a chief's creese and for the Governor-General she sent a
present of 50 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of tin—to be
collected in Perak! The Queen deposed the Bendahara, who was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de facto</i> ruler of Perak, and appointed a
Bendahara Muda. But on 16 May Joannes Massys bringing only 51 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of tin complained that Acheh still
got all the ore. On 25 May Gabriel Bruyl reported that the four Achinese
emissaries in charge of the indemnity deduction had handed their task over to
three Perak men who had no heart in it! The Sultan annoyed at interference was
hoping that Kedah would help him expel the Achinese. The yacht <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kleen Amsterdam</i> sailed to Perak to
enforce Dutch treaty rights, but as soon as she left, Perak broke them again
and protests to Acheh only excited laughter. There had been a shortage on the
Queen's vicarious present of 50 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>
of tin to the Governor-General but not one pound would the Sultan of Perak make
good. Achinese agents took away all the Perak tin on the pretext that it
belonged to their queen. The Dutch in Perak tried to prevent the Bendahara and
Raja Dewasitty from sailing to Acheh in three vessels carrying 180 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar </i>of tin but the Sultan declared
that they were his own emissaries. The Achinese boasted openly that they would
rather give a Dutchman a taste of the creese than tin: one day when the Dutch
were removing 2 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of tin from a
Delhi-bound ship, only the presence of the English </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 33 The Dutch and Perak.</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
captain of the St. Joris* made the
Achinese unhand their creeses. The Achinese paid as much as 33 or 34 reals for
a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of Perak tin, but when their
ships were ready for sea the Perak people would sell them tin at a loss rather
than take it to Malacca. Acheh had stopped any alliance between Perak and Kedah
but on 13 August 1661 the ruler of Kedah sent presents to the Bendahara and
Orang Kaya Besar to get their help for the export of 20 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of tin. There was trouble, too, over the acceptance of
lion-dollars in Perak, though the Bendahara promised to do his best if they
were introduced in Johor, Deli, Bengkalis and other places. However, in spite
of difficulties and disappointments, the Dutch decided to maintain the Perak
lodge (which had reopened in 1659) for fear that closure would offend the
Malays and put trade into English hands. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagh-Register</i>
records how for two years the Dutch conducted secret negotiations with a Raja
Panjang of Selida against Acheh, because the Achinese allowed the English to
trade in Perak. On 30 October 1662 the Resident Gabriel Bruyl reported that the
English had persuaded the Queen to order the Sultan of Perak help them export
60 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> due to Mr. Lock of Kedah. On
15 November the galliot <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chariots</i> took
3,000 reals in specie to Perak but a month later was sent to bring back
two-thirds of that sum for fear its largeness might cause the Dutch factor to
be robbed or murdered. The Perak guard-ship <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kleen
Amsterdam</i> was beached for repairs and sank: the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charlois</i> replaced her. On 26 January, 1663, the galliot <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ganges</i> took an accountant, Jan de
Looper, to Perak to relieve the Resident, Adriaen Lucasz, who was very sick. On
February 11, the King and Bendahara, quite unashamed over the 135,345 guilders
still due on the indemnity, sent a present of 6 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of tin to Malacca and asked for a pass and a flag (such as
long ago Thysz had given) to indicate that their vessels were toll-free. The
King also wanted to borrow an Indian goldsmith for two years, and the Bendahara
requested a loan of 400 or even 200 reals and a permit to export to Acheh 12 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> of tin which Moors had imported
from Kedah. All these requests were refused. But the war and blockade had made
the people of Perak bitter and recalcitrant and it was useless to fight them
again. In March, when Acheh demanded from Perak envoys the customary annual
tribute that accompanied their homage, they replied that, perpetually blockaded
by the Dutch in accordance with the treaty Acheh had contracted, Perak could
not pay it and, if Acheh resorted to force, Perak would ask Johor to be her
suzerain. </div>
<div style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 0in 1pt; text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
* <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">That is, the St. George, which seized from the Khankhanan,
Mir Jumla, was owned by (Sir) Edward Winter and was to have been returned to
her original Nabob owner at Masulipatnam had she not lost all her masts and
been damaged beyond repair on her way from Kedah to Malacca, meeting, "
with a fierce storme about the Andaman Islands or Niccabar," so that she
was " laid up in Malacca, being past recovery to be delivered him."
W. Foster's "The English Factories in India, 1661-64," Oxford, 1923,
pp. 37-52, 148-157, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 34 A History of Perak.</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
On 17 June two Achinese vessels
sailed to Perak without the permit that the treaty required from the Dutch
Resident at Acheh. The Achinese explored all Perak for ore. Everybody paid, 5,
6 or more reals a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> than the
Dutch, who still continued to stick to the treaty and give only 23 to 25 reals
at Ujong Salang and 30 reals elsewhere. The Achinese would bid as high as 42
reals a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>. So the Company got no
tin and though the deduction of 1½ reals a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>
had been abandoned and the Perak indemnity therefore as good as cancelled, yet
by July 1663 the Dutch had to raise their price to 34, 35 or 36 reals. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
On 20 June 1663 Adriaen Lucasz, after another spell of
sick-leave at Malacca, returned to Perak in the yacht <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alkmaer</i> accompanied by the galley <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Malacca</i>, these ships being needed to help the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charlios</i> browbeat three Bantam vessels with large Javanese crews
into observing the tin regulations. Lucasz took one-third of their tin and
returned to Malacca in September with 140 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>,
which the President bought for the now usual price of 40 rix-dollars a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>, exempting three <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar </i>which the Perak ruler was
presenting to the Sultan of Bantam. On the same trip Lucasz removed three <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> from a Johor vessel as a guarantee
that Inche Howat, the captain, would sell the rest of his tin at Malacca for 40
rix-dollars a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i>, but on 25 August
Inche Howit arrived at Malacca so furious that Batavia was asked for
instructions in the event of Johor boldly engaging in the tin-trade for Chinese
who would otherwise buy at Malacca. In July 1663 it was resolved to close the
factories at Acheh, Perak and Ligor. Lucasz advised the Company that its policy
of secret overtures to Acheh would be discovered and cause it to forfeit the
trust of the Perak Malays for ever. The Company, fearful of the cost of
guarding a coast with so many rivers and creeks, refused to guarantee Perak
protection against her suzerain and so Perak hesitated to break with Acheh. In
October the Company had to lend the Sultan of Perak a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tingang</i> to bring his envoys to Malacca, as he lacked a vessel of
his own, and it sold him 70 or 80 muskets. For the year 1663 the Perak tin
trade was reported fair. On 12 October the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alkmaer</i>
brought 225 bahar from Perak; on 28 November the King's brother and the
Bendahara sent 70 bahar to Malacca; on 4 December Lucasz arrived at the same
port with the yacht <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cabo Jasques</i> and
the galley <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Malacca</i> bringing 98 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar </i>and 100 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bidor</i> of tin; under the date 27 December the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagh-Register</i> records that the tin brought to Malacca amounted to
481,397 pounds, namely </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
from Ligor 348
bahar and 362 pounds</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
„ Perak
738 bahar</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
„ Ujong
Salang 11 bahar
and 256 pounds</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
„ other
places 185 bahar and
29 pounds<br />
----- -----
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
1,282 bahar and 647 </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
One <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> weighed
375 pounds: Perak alone provided more tin than all the other localities
together. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Dutch and Perak. Page 35</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
But before the end of 1663 the lodge at Perak was closed. On
29 November a Dutch voyager, Wouter Schouten, arrived in the roadstead between
the Dinding and the mainland of Perak and found the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cabo Diaskes</i> awaiting the merchant Adriaen Lucasz whose factory in
Perak " was at present abandoned, owing to the breaking-out of enmity and
disputes between our folk and the Malays of Perak; the trade in tin is stopped
for a time and the yacht <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alkmaer</i> is
already on her way from Malacca to blockade the river of Perak; but all the
envoys of the kingdom of Perak were now on board the Netherlands ship <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cabo Diaskes</i> in order to sail with our
folk to Malacca for the furtherance of peace." As we have seen, Lucasz
arrived at Malacca on 4 December with a cargo of tin: he also brought Perak
envoys and letters to Governor Riebeck asking for permission to sell 30 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> to Moors (which was refused) and
to send 2 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> to Borneo in order to
purchase musical instruments (which was granted), requesting a loan of money
for the Bendahara against the security of 20 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar</i> and offering to supply tin for 35 rix-dollars a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bahar </i>at the Perak estuary or for 40 at
Malacca. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Wouter Schouten gives us a sailor's picture of Perak in 1663
which is bright and pleasing beside the dreary business figures of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagh-Register</i>:—" The country is
favoured with Tin Mines, but everywhere in the Interior it is covered with very
high Mountains, thick Forests and frightful Wildernesses, and there are many
Rhinoceroses, wild Elephants, Buffaloes, Tigers, Crocodiles. Serpents; and many
other monsters are to be found ……. Having reached the neighbourhood of the
Watering-place on the inner side of the Island Dinding above-mentioned, we
immediately sent a good party of sailors to the Coast of Pera opposite to
procure firewood for our further Voyage to Bengal. The others went to Pulo
Dinding to fetch fresh water from one of the principal Rivers of the Island,
and we, not to be idle, went also on shore with a line of 80 fathoms and
brought up fish out of the Gulfs and Bays of the Island Dinding, going on board
in the evening with a good haul of all sorts of well-flavoured delicate fish.
In the same way, on the next day, the 30th November, our people still being
engaged in fetching water and firewood, we roamed all about and visited all
parts of the Island Dinding, taking at last a good haul; we remained on shore
all night with our Sub-Merchant Abraham de Wijs and others in the same way
inclined, and there we enjoyed our catch. Our people had pitched a capital tent
in the shady wood not far from the Beach and there we took our repast together
and were jovial, taking thought only for the present. Here on a dark night, on
an uninhabited Island, in the frightful Forest and vast Wilderness where there
were many Serpents and other monsters, we found so much pleasure that for this
once we managed to forget all the weary wanderings of the voyage to Bengal,
drinking after supper to the health of ourselves and our friends (even those
who were not drinkers), every-one taking a little glass one with<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Next Part : Chapter V - THE DUTCH AND PERAK. Part [1]</b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Perak, Malaysia4.807294 100.80000513.7946925 99.5365776 5.8198954999999994 102.06343260000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-25257849765043355042012-03-31T00:40:00.000+08:002012-03-31T00:40:27.765+08:00Chapter IV - PERAK UNDER THE ACHINESE.<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Whatever trouble the Portuguese may have caused Perak with
their demand for tin, it was a bagatelle compared with the trouble caused by
Acheh, her neighbour across a narrow sea. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
As early as 500 A.D., Chinese records tell us, the north
corner of Sumatra was called Poli, had 136 villages and was ruled by Buddhist
kings. In the ninth and tenth centuries Arab traders came there from Malabar
and called the country Rami, al-Ramni and Lamari. In 1292 Marco Polo visited
Sumatra and found Perlak, later a part of Acheh, Muhammadan, as also was Pasai,
another province of later Acheh. About 1323 Fra Odorigo van Pordenone found in
Lamori merchandise from distant lands; in 1345 Ibn Batutah found Samudra, yet
another province of the later Acheh, walled and towered and using a tin coinage
and bar-gold from China. By 1365 the north of Sumatra owed nominal allegiance
to Hayam Wuruk, the great Javanese conqueror from Majapahit. In 1412 Acheh was
still ruled by a Maharaja but in 1416 a Chinese envoy Ching-Ho reported it a
country of Muslim agriculturists, planters of hill-rice and pepper, breeders of
cattle and goats and poultry. A hundred years later the Portuguese insistence
on a monopoly of trade in Malacca waters drove Eastern merchants to Acheh and
made it wealthy and ambitious to confound Portuguese traders and all their
allies. Muslim missionaries, related to the Indian merchants, exhorted Acheh to
champion Islam against the greedy Infidel. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The first maker of Greater Acheh was Sultan 'Ali Mughayat
Shah (d. 1530), conqueror of Daya, Pidie, Pasai and (temporarily) Aru, who in
1521 repulsed the Portuguese fleet under de Brito and in 1524 expelled the
Portuguese from the fort they had occupied in Acheh since 1521. The next ruler
of note was his son, 'Ala'u'd-din Ri'ayat Shah, called after death (1568) the
Strong, Marhum Kahar. To gain the throne he had ousted his brother. He hired
mercenaries from Gujerat and Malabar, Turkey and Abyssinia. In 1537 he conquered
the Bataks in the cause of Islam; he took Aru but in 1540 lost it and a great
fleet to Johor; in 1564 he sacked Johor and recaptured Aru; in 1570 he burnt
the villages on the Johor river. But though Francisco Barreto, Governor of
India from 1555 till 1558 never fulfilled his aim of subduing Acheh and
building a fort on the site of its capital, so too Acheh's attacks of 1537 and
1568 on Malacca failed, as her attacks of 1573, 1575, 1582 and 1629 were all to
fail. The successor of Marhum Kahar died in 1579 and was succeeded by an infant
who reigned three months and then died. The next three Sultans were all
murdered. The last of the three was a Perak prince. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
In 1540 Perak had helped Johor inflict the crushing defeat
on Acheh before Aru. In 1547 the rulers of Perak and Pahang,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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having joined their brother of Johor in an abortive
expedition to Patani, may have sailed with the Johor fleet to Malacca when to
help repel an expected Achinese attack it lay in the Muar river for several
days that seemed to the Portuguese years! In 1551 Perak certainly helped Johor
besiege Malacca, because in order to get the siege raised the Portuguese
harried the harbours of Perak, Johor and Pahang. In spite of this, Johor was
Acheh's rival and enemy and at times coquetted with the hated Portuguese so that
Acheh had no mercy for Johor's allies. Not long therefore before 1579, a Malay
history tells us, " the country of Perak was conquered by the Achinese,
who took captive the widow and sixteen children of
Him-who-died-at-Kota-Lama," namely the second Sultan of Perak. "
After their arrival at Acheh, the eldest son was taken by 'Abd-el-Khana as her
husband and became Raja of Acheh " in 1579, with the style Sultan
'Ala'u'd-din Mansur Shah. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bustanu's-Salatin</i>,
written at Acheh in 1638 by a Gujerati missionary Shaikh Nu'u'd-din, relates
how this Perak prince was very religious, encouraged foreign pundits and made
his chiefs wear beards and turbans and Arab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jubbah</i>
and made the common folk pray five times a day, " During his reign "
the Perak account continues, " he sent his next younger brother to Perak
and installed him there as Raja, with his capital at Julang: that place having
been flooded seven times, the Raja removed to Geronggong. The Raja of Acheh
crossed to Perak to amuse himself and to visit his brother and on his return he
died at Kuala Acheh. After that, his mother returned to Perak with all her
family.'' It is highly probable that the death of this Perak ruler of Acheh in
1585 was due to murder, the perpetrator of the act the admiral (or chief pirate!)
of his fleet, afterwards Sultan 'Alaud-din Ri'ayat Shah, who also murdered Raja
Ashem, grandson of the Perak prince and son of Sultan Ali Jala 'Abd'u'l-Jalil
Shah of Johor. </div>
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It was in the reign of 'Ala'u'd-din Ri'ayat Shah (1589-1604)
that the Dutch, French and English first visited Acheh. But in 1587 Portugal
had come to terms with Acheh, so that when in 1599 Cornelis de Houtman called
at the place the Portuguese instigated the Sultan to attack and kill him and
many of his men and to take his brother, Frederik de Houtman, prisoner. However
by 1601 Acheh was viewing with suspicion the relations between Portugal and
Johor, seized a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fusta</i> that had chased
an Arab vessel into her harbour, and profoundly distrusted Portugal's request
for leave to build a fort at Acheh in return for help against Johor. The old
piratical ruler, therefore, allowed the Dutch to open a factory, released
Frederik de Houtman and sent envoys to Holland. There are two English accounts
of Acheh at this time, one by John Davis who visited it as pilot to a Dutch
ship in June 1599 and one by James Lancaster who arrived there on 5 June 1602.
The harbour was full of ships from Gujerat, Malabar, Bengal and Pegu and even
the Red Sea. The Sultan, a hundred years old but " a lustie man, exceeding
grosse and fat " loved soldiers and</div>
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gave every newcomer, Dutch and
English, a creese and dress of ceremony. A necessary prelude to all business
was a formal present: Davis' Baase gave a looking-glass, a drinking-up and a coral
bracelet, Lancaster a silver basin with a fountain in the midst of it, a silver
cup, a looking-glass, a plumed head-piece, a sword-belt and a feather fan. The
court was a scene of barbaric splendour. The king ate off gold plate and fine
porcelain, served by forty women who fanned him, poured out Aquavite made of
toddy (too strong for Lancaster) and sang and danced and talked of venery. Such
a glutton was this " great Bacchus" that " for a Change, with a
Cracking Gorge " he would give audience to Dutch and English captains,
seated in the river in order to " get a stomache "; or perhaps,
business might be conducted at the cockpit. The king drank deep and his guests
followed his example: " on 28 July, 1599 " writes Davis, "our
Baase came aboard with one of the Sabanders, the Secretary, merchants of Mecca,
Turks, and Don Alfonso and some Portugals, all which departed passing
drunk." The population of this port of mat-walled huts was made up of
adventurers of many races, Indians, Arabs, Javanese, Malays and Batak and Nias
slaves. Murderer of two rivals to his throne and of a thousand noblemen who had
supported Raja Ashem, the old Sultan had no scruples about ruling his rascal
people by force: criminals had hands and feet chopped off and were banished to
Pulau Weh. It was this royal pirate whom Queen Elizabeth greeted as her "
loving Brother," congratulating him on having attacked the Portuguese
" in Malacca in the yeare of the Humane Redemption 1575 " and asking
permission to open an English factory at his capital. In Arabic, learnt from an
English Jew, Lancaster did business with " the chief Bishop of the Realme,
a man so wise and temperate" that the Englishman got cargoes of pepper,
cinnamon and cloves, the right of free trade and a letter and presents for his Virgin
Queen. When Lancaster was leaving, the bacchanalian ruler and his court sang
very solemnly a psalm for the safety of those about to go down to the sea in
ships. Such was life at the capital of Perak's suzerain, haunt of superstitious
brutal pirates, needy adventurers and grasping traders. </div>
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In 1607 another strong ruler, Iskandar Muda or Perkasa
'Alam, seized the throne, bribing and menacing the chiefs and murdering his
uncle the rival claimant. In youth imprisoned as a traitor he had been released
to fight de Castro and had driven him back to sea. Now in 1612 he conquered Aru
(or Deli); in 1613 and 1615 he sacked Johor for her overtures to Portugal; in
1618 he conquered Pahang, in 1619 Kedah and in 1620 Perak taking 5,000
prisoners, in 1624 Nias and Indragiri; in 1635 he wasted Pahang again for
intriguing with the Portuguese. In his letter of 1615 to James I of England,
Perkasa 'Alam described himself as overlord of thirty-nine countries, including
Batu Sawar (Johor), Pahang and Perak. Under 1625 the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagh-Register</i> notes that Acheh "wants to ruin Jambi as she
ruined Johor, Kedah, Perak and Pahang, not</div>
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one of which has forgotten it."
Under 6 February 1634, it notes how Acheh made excuses for not helping in an
attack on Malacca, because she had sent three fleets, one to Perak, one to Aru
and one to the west coast of Sumatra. A Malay history tells us the sequel to
the conquest of Perak:— </div>
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" A sister of Him-who-died-at-Kuala-Acheh "
(Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din Mansur Shah of Acheh) " had borne two sons in Perak,
one of whom was called Tengku Tua and the other Raja Bongsu. Tengku Tua became
Raja and in his time the country was again conquered by Iskandar Muda of Acheh.
Tengku Tua and Raja Bongsu and all the royal family and all the chiefs were
carried captive to Acheh. Raja Mansur, son of Raja Kechil and brother of
Hinvwho-died-inland, escaped to Johor. In Perak were left only Maharaja Lela
and Paduka Raja. Maharaja Lela went to Johor to fetch Raja Mansur, who while
there had married a Jambi princess: Paduka Raja went to Acheh to fetch Raja
Bongsu. The first to return was Maharaja Lela bringing Raja Mansur, whom he
proclaimed Raja of Perak (p. 131) with his court at Semat. While they were
arranging to fetch his Jambi consort, Paduka Raja arrived with an army from
Acheh and established Raja Bongsu as ruler of Perak with the title of Sultan
Mahmud Shah. Raja Mansur was removed to Acheh. </div>
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" When Sultan Mahmud Shah died, he was called
He-who-died-by-the-river and his son became ruler with the title of Sultan
Salahu'd-din. After a while he presented himself at Acheh and died there. </div>
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" Among the captives at Acheh was a Raja Sulong, son of
Raja Mahmud, grandson of Marhum Kasab of Siak: his mother was a daughter of
Bendahara Paduka Raja and her name was Tan Dermapala Johara. At Acheh Sultan
Mukal (== Mughal = Iskandar II b. 1611 asc. 1636 d. 1641) had given him for
wife another captive, daughter of Marhum Muda* Pahang. Now the Sultan sent them
both to Perak where Raja Sulong was installed as Sultan Muzaffar Shah.† This
ruler was father of Sultan Mahmud Shah of Perak: the mother of Sultan Mahmud
was a daughter of Marhum Muda Pahang, grand-niece of Him-who-died-on-the-river-bank,
grand-daughter of Him-who-died-at-Kota-Lama and great-grand-daughter of
Him-who-died-at-Tanah-Abang," namely the first Sultan of Perak. So on the
distaff side the royal Malacca descent of Perak's rulers was preserved as it
has been to this day. </div>
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Captain Best visited Acheh in 1612 and saw Iskandar Muda,
Champion of the World, " a gallant man of Warre, of thirty two </div>
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* <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">According to Mr. W. Linehan, M.C.S. and in my opinion
rightly, Abdu'llah, son of Sultan Ahmad of Pahang and half-brother of Sultan
Mughal of Acheh; and, of course, of the royal Malacca line (JRASMB. 1932 X, p.
43). †See p. 127. </span></div>
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yeares, of middle size, full of spirit," "
drinking Tobacco in a Silver Pipe " and watching the fierce fights of
cocks and rams and elephants, the cruel combats of tame elephants and the
" stomachful " encounters of " Buffles." One day, 2 May
1613, as the Reverend Patrick Copland has related, " all Strangers were
invited to a banquet sixe miles off, for which purpose two elephants were sent
for our Generall. Here were all the dishes brought by water, the boyes holding
the dish with one hand and swimming with the other: so did they carrie the
strong drinke also, whereof when they had tasted (which they must of all) they
threw the rest into the River. It continued from one till five. In it were five
hundred dishes well dressed. Our General," Thomas Best, " weary with
sitting by the King thus long in the water, was dismissed an houre before the
rest. The Captaine of the Dutch house, taking there his bane, either with hot
drinke or cold sitting so long in the water, soone after died. The second of
June, they were entertained with a fight of foure Elephants, with a wild Tygre
tied at a stake, which yet fastening on their Trunks and legges, made them to
roare and bleed extremely. This day we were told, that one eye of a Noble man
was plucked out, for looking on one of the Kings women washing in a River.
Another gentleman wearing a Shash, had his head round cut so farre as that was
too large. Some he is said to boyle in scalding oyle, some are sawne apieces,
others their legges cut off or spitted alive or empaled on stakes." "
The whole territory of Acheh was almost depopulated by wars, executions and
oppression. The king endeavoured to repeople the country by his conquests.
Having ravaged the kingdoms of Johor, Pahang, Kedah, Perak and Deli, he
transported the inhabitants from those places to Acheh, to the number of
twenty-two thousand persons. But this barbarous policy did not produce the
effect he hoped; for the unhappy people being brought naked to his dominions
and not allowed any kind of maintenance on their arrival, died of hunger in the
streets." In his letter to King James, Iskandar Muda described himself as
" the true Image of a King, in whom raignes the true methode of
Government, formed as it were of the most pure Metall and adorned with the most
finest colours; whose seat is high and most compleat, like to a Christall
River, pure and cleare as the Christall Glasse: From whom floweth the pure
streame of Bountie and Justice." The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bustanu's-Salatin</i>
declares that this ruler was pious, encouraged Muslim missionaries and
suppressed gaming and drinking. Having no son he desired Best to entreat King
James to send him two white women, declaring that if he should get a son by one
of them he would make him English king of Sumatra's Pepper Coast! For the army
and fleet and magnificence of Iskandar Muda were all due to his monopoly of the
pepper trade over the whole of Sumatra's west coast. As early as 1602 Jan
Grenier had found that only Javanese but no Europeans were allowed to buy
pepper outside the port of Acheh.</div>
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Iskandar Muda, or Crown of the World (Mahkota 'Alam) as he
was called after death, had no male heir and adopted a son of Ahmad Shah Sultan
of Pahang, whom he carried captive to Acheh in 1618. This ruler, Iskandar II,
refused to help the Dutch take Malacca from the Portuguese, because the Dutch
were allies of his enemy Johor, Malacca fell on 14 January 1641: Iskandar II
died on 15 February. After his death Acheh was ruled by queens for nearly sixty
years. Partly female rule, partly the growing power of the Dutch and their
protection of Johor and her allies led to the surrender by Acheh of all her
conquests in the Malay Peninsula except Perak. The story of Acheh's suzerainty
over Perak for the next four decades is involved in the history of Dutch
relations with that State. By 1678 Balthasar Bort, Governor of Malacca,
reported that " Acheh is impotent and has no appearance of once more
attaining any considerable power." </div>
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Achinese influence in Perak could still be traced a few
years ago in the cut and style of court and wedding dress: in Low's time (1826)
" Acheen dresses " were among " the goods most in request."
Another survival was a neat lidded golden bowl bearing the Achinese name of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mundam</i> and reckoned among the regalia
until it was stolen not long since. Achinese influence survived in the name of
a pattern of cloth—the pattern of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lam
Sayong</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lam</i> being Achinese for
kampong. It survives in the practice of addressing the Four Great Chiefs as
Tengku though most of them are commoners. It survives in the terms <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hulubalang</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Orang Kaya-Kaya</i> applied to the Eight Chiefs, nearly all of them
territorial lords of large areas.</div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Perak, Malaysia4.807294 100.80000513.7946925 99.5365776 5.8198954999999994 102.06343260000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-24048791823213341952012-03-30T09:00:00.000+08:002012-03-30T09:00:03.128+08:00Chapter III - THE PORTUGUESE PERIOD.<br />
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When Portugal rose to fame and suddenly founded an Eastern
empire, destined suddenly to decline, she began a new chapter in the history of
East and West and prepared the way for Dutch and British colonial development.
During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, she took her flag, the Cross of
Christ, into almost every sea, the main incentives of these voyages of
discovery being missionary enterprise and a desire to tap some of the rich
trade of the Orient. In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias doubled the Cape, in 1498 Vasco da
Gama landed at Calicut, the pioneer of the sea route to India. By the capture
of Goa the great Governor Affonso d' Albuquerque secured not only a splendid
fortress and harbour but an ideal centre for administering his country's new
possessions. And in 1511 he sailed from Cochin and wrested Malacca from the
hands of the bewildered Malays. </div>
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Lacking until 1580 the men to found a land empire Portugal
had at first to be content with trading stations of small area, whose safety
depended on her fleets, so that all she could hope to establish in the Malay
Peninsula was a fortified port of call where ships trading from India to China
and the Spice Islands could water and provision and store merchandise. Even
after 1580 when Spain, had she not been absorbed in other interests, might have
helped her new dependency with men, the only garrisons maintained by Portugal
in the whole of the Malayan region were Malacca, Amboyna and Tidore, a poor
protection for a trade then at its zenith among Asiatics whom Portugal regarded
as enemies at once of herself and of Christ and who detested Portuguese
bigotry. Though the loss in a foray of twelve men from the garrison was a
disaster of the first magnitude, yet for one hundred and thirty years after its
capture by d'Albuquerque, Malacca remained the greatest Portuguese trading
centre in Malayan seas. Writing just before 1638, a few years before the Dutch
wrested it from the Portuguese, Barretto de Resende describes it as " a
city containing a fortress and surrounded by a stone and mortar wall twenty
feet high, twelve palms thick at the foot and seven at the top. It contains six
bastions, including the breastwork (couraca), each one called by the name
engraved on it. All the walls have parapets and each bastion occupies a space
of twenty paces and the one named Madre de Deos double that space. The
circumference of the whole wall is five hundred and twelve paces, including the
space occupied by the bastions. From the bastion de Ospital to that of St.
Dominic there is a counterscarp, as also from that of Sanctiago to Madre de
Deos, with a ditch in the centre, the whole being fourteen palms wide. The
bastions contain forty-one pieces of artillery of twelve to forty-four pounds
iron shot. All are of bronze, with the exception of nine iron pieces, </div>
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and there are sufficient powder and
ammunition in His Majesty's magazines for their supply……. The fort within the
town where the Captain resides is five storeys high: the Captain lives on the
second storey, which is square like the tower, each wall being twenty paces
wide. The other apartments are set apart for the Captain's guests and for
storing ammunition. On the first floor four thousand candys of rice were stored
but are no longer there... . There are in the town," beside the garrison,
" two hundred and fifty married whites who would possess two thousand
black captives of different races, all competent to carry arms of which there
is a sufficient supply." d'Eredia notes that " after the fortress had
been finished and stood complete with its artillery and garrison of soldiers,
it created among the Malayos a feeling of intense dread and astonishment which
lasted permanently to the great credit of the Crown of Portugal." It was
from this small fastness that the Portuguese organized their trade with the
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. And by Portugal, as afterwards by the Dutch
and the English, the Malay state of Perak was found to be a great mart for tin.
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In 1511 Perak connoted the dying kingdom of Bruas and was
hardly more than a fief of the Bendaharas or Prime Ministers of Malacca. Twenty
years later, ousted from the throne of Johor by his step-mother, a lady of the
same Bendahara family, Sultan Muzaffar Shah, eldest son of the last ruler of
Malacca but by a Kelantan mother, sailed north and founded the modern Perak
dynasty. Of the relations of his newly founded state with Portugal little at
present is known, whatever may await discovery in the archives of Goa; and what
is known can be told in a few pages. </div>
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In 1537 the king of Acheh had dared to attack Malacca, and
in 1547 the rulers of Perak and Pahang with their "brother" Sultan
'Ala'u'd-din of Johor assembled 300 sail and 8,000 men in the Johor river for
an attack on Patani and, when negotiations had settled the dispute, Johor took
its fleet to Malacca to help Portugal fight the Achinese: the fleet lay in the
Muar river far several days that seemed to the Portuguese years but whether the
Perak contingent formed part of this formidable flotilla is not stated. In 1551
Perak and Pahang must have helped Johor at a siege of Malacca, which lasted
from June till September, because it was by harrying the ports of Perak, Pahang
and Johor that the Portuguese compelled the Malays to raise the siege. </div>
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Writing between 1597 and 1600 the Portuguese historian
Godinho de Eredia alludes to Perak's wealth in tin as follows:— " Perat is
much frequented and is the principal port for the trade in tin or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">calayn</i> in large slabs. ... Here have
been discovered, in the ranges of mountains within its jurisdiction, such large
mines of tin or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">calayn</i>, that every
year more than three hundred <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bares</i> of
tin are extracted to supply the factory of the Captain of Malacca and the trade
of the merchants from India."</div>
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In 1610 Mr. Samuel Bradshaw, merchant of the East India
Company, reported that " at Queda and Pera is great store of tin and lead
to be had: who usually truck it for cloth of Surat or other places." But
the Indian merchants were in difficulties between Portuguese and Achinese
monopolies. In 1613 Thomas Best met in Acheh a " Moor " ship which
had fled from Perak " scared by the Portingals who before had taken two of
their ships there " : on arrival at Acheh ship and goods were confiscated
and the crew enslaved " for going to Peracke being the enemies of the King
of Achin." </div>
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After Nuno Alvarez Botello, Governor of Malacca, had
repulsed at the end of 1629 a vigorous Achinese attack on that port, an embassy
arrived from the King of Perak, who had been tributary to Acheh, offering to
pay tribute in future to Portugal and to deliver up wealth left in Perak by the
Achinese. Botello sent Dom Hierome de Silveyra with eleven ships to receive
this treasure and to establish peace with Perak. </div>
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Barretto de Resende, writing as has been said just before
1638, describes how every May a fleet of three, four or five jaleas carrying
fifty or sixty soldiers from the Malacca garrison, would cruise past the Perak
coast to Penang to await and escort the ships from Goa, and how every September
they would go to Junk Ceylon to await the Portuguese ships from Negapatam.
" The sailors, who receive their pay on shore at rare intervals, embark
with much good-will, because at times, when they put in at a certain place such
as Pera and other ports, they can earn a quartel from the merchants." When
in 1647 Governor-General van Lijn sought permission from Acheh for the Dutch to
trade with Perak " as the Portuguese had done in the time of Mahkota
'Alam," the Queen replied that it was only by stealth and bribery that the
Portuguese had traded with Acheh's vassal, and, had her redoubtable ancestor
discovered their doings, he would have attacked them. This must have been
bragging; for de Resende evidently refers to merchants at a Portuguese factory
and fortress in Perak. He continues:— </div>
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" From Malacca to Pera is a distance of forty leagues
of coast to the east. The King of this place was for many years a vassal of His
Majesty and paid in tribute a large quantity of tin. Three years ago he refused
the tribute, saying that only if His Majesty would deliver him from the King of
Achem (== Acheh) he would be His Majesty's vassal and pay tribute. He said that
the numerous fleets from Achem which throng these seas, frequently attacked his
lands, devastating them and taking the people captive. He well knew, he said,
how much more important it was to be His Majesty's vassal than to be vassal of
the King of Achem. He said that he had no power however to resist the tyrant
and his great forces, and that if His Majesty did not supply the means, he
himself must seek a remedy in his own kingdom by becoming a vassal of the</div>
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King of Achem and paying to him the tribute he formerly paid
to His Majesty. In spite of this he was able to resist our fleet when it was
sent to chastise him. </div>
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" There are great tin mines in his kingdom and five or
six quintals of tin are yearly extracted from them. The greater part of it
formerly came to Malacca, but now not a third part is sent there. The rest is
taken by the Dutch to Achem, and thence they carry it to India with great
profit. </div>
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" The factory possessed by the Captain of Malacca at
Pera was one which at one time yielded greater profit than any other. But now
it yields nothing, and for this and other reasons the fortress has become so
ruined that in the year 1633 no one could be found willing to fill the post of
captain; and a captain was appointed and sent by the viceroy." </div>
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" No one could be found willing to fill the post of captain!
" The strong hand of d'Albuquerque had gone. " At the time when the
Dutch first appeared in the Far East, the power of Portugal was already on the
decline. Jan Huygen van Linschoten, when visiting Goa (1583-1589), had found
carelessness, incapacity, neglect of duty and corruption prevailing among the
colonial officials who owed their appointments chiefly to high rank, nepotism
and influence rather than to their own merits. Linschoten thought it a miracle
that their ships did not all perish through want of care in stowage and
navigation. Their losses on this account were enormous." In Malacca, at
first, trade had been the monopoly of the government, whose costly
establishments could not be defrayed merely by taxes and tolls and port dues
levied on imports and exports and even on ships that did not break cargo. But
the Portuguese government failed, as Dutch and English failed later, to keep
its monopoly intact, and it had to allow private trade on payment of high
duties. So came many permanent settlers, who as Governor-General Anthony van
Diemen reported to his Directors in 1642, " thought no more of Portugal
but sustained and enriched themselves as if they were natives and had no
fatherland." Coen put the capital invested in the East by Spain and Portugal
at 50 million guilders but as early as October 1606 when Admiral Matelief won
command of the sea, the days of Portuguese empire were already numbered. In
1637 a fleet under Cornells Symonsz van der Veer captured one fusta, burnt
three and blockaded five in the Dinding river, taking prisoner Admiral Don
Francisco Cotinho de Viveres, a priest, nine Portuguese and a hundred others.
As late as 1638, de Resende tells us, the fort on the Ilha das Naos off Malacca
was not finished, twelve big pieces of artillery destined for it lay unmounted
in a field and the fort where the Captain lived no longer had its store of
rice. On 14 January 1641, after a siege that had lasted five months, the famous
fortress fell before the final assault of six hundred and fifty Netherlander
aided by the Malays of Johor.</div>
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For a little while some of the Malay States continued
relations with the " white Bengalis," the first Europeans they had
ever encountered. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagh-Register</i>,
that wonderful daily journal of the doings of the servants of the Netherlands
East India Company, records how in March 1642 the king of Kedah was still
refusing trade in tin and elephants to Coromandel ships that had not got
Portuguese passes and how as late as 1665 the Dutch had to prevent Portuguese
vessels from entering Johore to trade in tin and gold and Sumatra pepper. But in
effect the capture of Malacca closed the Portuguese chapter in Malayan history
for ever. </div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-60447356733165952022012-03-29T08:00:00.000+08:002012-03-29T08:00:00.760+08:00Chapter II - THE COMING OF THE MALAYS.<br />
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Soon after 1360 Majapahit sacked and burnt Singapore, then
almost certainly a colony of the Buddhist empire Srivijaya, that is of
Palembang in Sumatra. Its ruler, Parameswara, who according to d'Albuquerque
was a prince of Palembang, fled first to Muar and then to Malacca, which under
the influence of Gujerati traders soon became Muslim and a great centre for
trade.* From the middle of the fifteenth century the descendants of
Parameswara, rulers of Malacca who with Islam had adopted the title of Sultan,
started an imperialist policy, extending their sway as far inland as Sungai
Ujong, over Klang, Pahang, Trengganu and Johor, over Lingga and over Siak,
Deli, Kampar and Indragiri in Sumatra. Then in August 1511 Afonso d'Albuquerque
captured Malacca. Sultan Mahmud fled first to Pahang, next to Riau whence he
was driven by the Portuguese in 1526, and finally to Kampar in Sumatra where he
died about 1528. </div>
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During the reign (1488-1528) of this Sultan Mahmud, his
Bendahara or prime minister the Paduka Tuan (whose grave is at Segamat)
accompanied by ten Malacca captains had conquered a place Manjong "
formerly a large country/' because it was on bad terms with Bruas. In gratitude
the Raja of Bruas gave his sister, Putri Siat, to his conqueror's grandson Tun
Isap Berakah, by whom she became the mother of Tun Biajid the Bendahara who
founded Johor and of Tun Mahmud first Bendahara of Perak. The Raja of Bruas
accompanied Paduka Tuan back to Malacca where he was made ruler of Manjong and
given a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">naubat</i> or royal band and the
title of Tun Aria Bija 'diraja. Acknowledging the Sultan of Malacca as his
suzerain he now settled at Manjong. After the Portuguese captured Malacca, Tun
Aria Bija 'diraja neglected to pay homage to his suzerain in his exile at Riau,
whereupon Tun Isap Berakah, now Sultan Mahmud's Bendahara, fetched his wife's
neglectful relative, at the same time marrying his own son Tun Mahmud to that
son's cousin, Tun Mah, a daughter of this ruler of Bruas, and putting the young
man in charge of Selangor. Was Tun Aria Bija 'diraja a Muslim? It would appear
so. Whether he was a full-blooded Malay is unknown. </div>
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These references to Bruas in the " <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Malay Annals</b> " are among the earliest authentic Malay
references to any part of Perak. And Perak tradition avers that the decline of
Bruas was due to the silting up of a great estuary of the Perak river, now
known as Dindings River. Situated on that estuary Bruas possessed an ideal
capital: the river silted up, the modern village is many miles to seaward of the
old site. One Bruas locality, the Fort (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kota</i>),
is </div>
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* <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">My History of Johore contains a chapter on the Hindu and
Malacca ancestors of the Perak royal house. ROW.,</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Coming of the Malays. Page 7</b></div>
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so placed that one must believe local tradition that the rice
fields of Dendang were once a harbour. Formerly, Malays say, little "
Buddhas " were picked up about the fort, which is now razed to the ground.
The " Main Gate " (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pintu
Gerbang</i>) is a little pass a mile away and is said to have been once a fort.
The ''Drumming Ground" (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tanah
Gendang</i>) is associated with unexplored caverns. Legend declares that the
lost town was so large it took a cat three months to do the circuit of the
roofs! The site of Manjong is unknown but Bruas has survived in fact and in
myth, because it was the spot from which those great Malay imperialists, the
Bendaharas of old Malacca, needled the way for the present Perak dynasty. </div>
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The authentic account of the early Malay history of Perak
occurs in a chapter of Sir Stamford Raffles' copy of the " Malay
Annals," which was recently discovered and published by Dr. Blagden.
Before that discovery one was disposed to question the Perak claim that its
first ruler was the elder son of the last Sultan of old Malacca, scepticism
being due to a passage in the " Malay Annals " which led to confusion
between Sultan Mansur, second ruler of Perak, and a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sultan</i> (Muda) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mansur</i> of
Perak who died in the middle of the XVIIth century. But Raja Bongsu the "
author " of the Raffles chapters of the " Malay Annals" was
almost certainly Sultan 'Abdu'llah Maayat Shah of Johor (b. 1571 d. 1623,
patron of Tun Sri Lanang, author of the long-known " Malay Annals"),
and anyhow his intimate knowledge of early Johor topography leaves no doubt as
to the authenticity and date of his chapters, while written in Johor they
record beyond dispute the version of Perak history accepted early in the XVIIth
century at the Johor Court. The claim that Muzaffar Shah, first Sultan of
Perak, was the elder son of Sultan Mahmud, last Sultan of Malacca, is not
therefore an invention of Perak court annalists. </div>
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The passage in question from the Raffles manuscript of the
" Malay Annals " runs as follows:— </div>
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" When Sultan Mahmud died at Kampar the Sultan Muda
ascended the throne with the style Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din Ri'ayat Shah and the
Raja Muda was driven out by the Bendahara and all the chiefs. ' Why am I turned
out? ' asked the Raja Muda. ' Is it likely that I shall wrest the throne from
the Sultan Muda? ' The chiefs replied, ' Nevertheless you must quit the
country.' The Raja Muda said, ' Wait! my rice is being steamed and is not yet
cooked.' But all the chiefs replied, ' Why delay? Now is the time to quit.' So
the Raja Muda left Kampar with his wife Tun Trang and his son Raja Mansur....
and they took passage in a boat to Siak and from Siak to Klang. There was a man
of Manjong, Situmi by name, who constantly traded from Perak to Klang and he
saw the Raja Muda and took him to Perak, where he was enthroned as Sultan
Muzaffar Shah.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 8 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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" Now there was a Sri Agar 'diraja, who had been
ordered by his father, Tun Isap Berakah, the Bendahara Paduka Tuan " of
Johor, " to live in Selangor. There he had become the son-in-law of a
prince, having gone to Kedah and married Raja Stia (? Siti) daughter of the
ruler of Kedah; and he had taken his bride to Selangor. Sultan Muzaffar Shah
invited this chief to Perak and made him Bendahara. Sultan Muzaffar Shah begat
a daughter, Raja Dewi: afterwards he begat Raja Ahmad, Raja 'Abdu'l-Jalil, Raja
Fatimah, Raja Hatijah, Raja Tengah; in all his consort Tun Trang bore him
sixteen children and he had one son, Raja Muhammad, by a secondary wife ………..</div>
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" When the news reached Land's End," namely Johor,
" that the Sri Agar 'diraja had been created Bendahara in Perak, Sultan
'Ala'u'd-din was exceedingly wroth; and when the Bendahara Paduka Tuan of Johor
heard the news, he threw down his head-kerchief and cried, ' I will go
bare-headed until I have brought Sri Agar 'diraja before His Highness.' So the
Bendahara Paduka Tuan entered the presence bare-headed and wearing only coat
and dagger and begged leave from Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din to go to Perak and fetch
Sri Agar 'diraja. But the Sultan said, ' No! let us commission Tun Narawangsa
to go,' and His Highness asked Tun Narawangsa if he would fetch Sri Agar Raja.
Tun Narawangsa replied, ' If Your Highness commanded me to conquer Perak, I
would go; but I beg to be excused this errand, because the Queen (Raja
Perempuan) of Perak is my niece.' Then the Sultan bade Tun Pekerma go and fetch
Sri Agar Raja. When Tun Pekerma had fared up the Perak river as far as Labohan
Jong, news of his errand reached the (Perak) Bendahara, who sent him rice in a
cooking-pot and curry in a bamboo. Tun Pekerma was exceedingly angry and
returning to Land's End related his experience to his Sultan in full durbar,
whereupon the Bendahara Paduka Tuan begged to go to Perak: ' If any one else goes,
Sri Agar Raja will not come. I will take him by the hand and lead him down to
my boat. If he refuses, I will draw my creese and stab him: he shall fall dead
on the left, I on the right.' </div>
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" Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din Shah agreed and the (Johor)
Bendahara went to Perak, where he was formally received by order of Sultan
Muzaffar Shah and taken to the palace. Rice was brought and Sultan Muzaffar
said to the Bendahara, ' Come let us eat.' But the Bendahara replied, ' I crave
to be excused, for Your Highness is the son of my overlord: let Your Highness
eat and let me feed from another dish.' Sultan Muzaffar asked, ' Why so? Should
I have invited you, if it were not proper? ' The Bendahara Paduka Tuan replied,
' Because it is proper I ask to be excused. People who are not entitled to eat
with princes wish to do so for the glory of it: to me it will be no honour, as
I am entitled, but I beg to be excused, as Your Highness is the son of my
overlord.' But Sultan Muzaffar said, ' No! come and eat, for our long separation
has made me long to meet you.' The Bendahara replied,</div>
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' Why invite me? Does Your Highness think that the honour
will win me over? Let not such a thought enter Your Highness' head. As long as
Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah rules at Land's End, I can have no other
master.' Sultan Muzaffar answered, ' I say one thing and you another ' and he
caught hold of the Bendahara's hand and put it on the rice; but the Bendahara
took the rice off the plate and placed it on a betel leaf and so ate his meal.</div>
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" Afterwards the Bendahara Paduka Tuan took leave of
Sultan Muzaffar and went to the house of Sri Agar Raja and led him by the hand
to his boat and brought him downstream back to Land's End. And Sultan
'Ala'u'd-din Riayat Shah rejoiced that the Bendahara had fetched him." </div>
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The contents of the first paragraph of this quotation are
identical so far as history is concerned with the account in a Perak genealogy
(now in the Library of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, and numbered Maxwell
MS. 105) translated in 1882 by Sir William Maxwell. Nor are this manuscript and
the Raffles' copy of the " Malay Annals " our only evidence. The
ordinary text of those annals records how " Raja Muzaffar was married by
Sultan Mahmud to Tun Trang, daughter of Tun Fatimah and Tun 'Ali, and had a son
Raja Mansur ": Perak genealogies ascribe the name of Mansur to the second
Sultan of that State. Again Maxwell MS. 24, one of the fullest and most careful
Perak genealogies extant, shows clearly how in Perak the two anomalous Malacca
titles of Raja Muda and Sultan Muda were preserved down to the end of the XIXth
century. Moreover in 1533 Paolo da Gama encountered off Malacca 27 vessels
which Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din of Johor had sent to help his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">brother</i> the Sultan of Perak: the commander whom Castanheda calls
Tuan Barcalar (or perhaps Laksamana) paid his respects to da Gama. As we have
seen, Tun Isap Berakah, the Bendahara Paduka Tuan (of Kampar in Sumatra and of
Sayong Pinang on the Johor river) had married in Malacca days a Bruas princess,
Putri Siat: what more likely than that he should find a new throne for the
exiled elder son of Sultan Mahmud in the neighbourhood of his wife's relations?
Or, even if he took no such steps, what more likely than that the exiled prince
should go there? The mother of Sultan Muzaffar Shah I of Perak was a Kelantan
princess, Putri Onang Kening; the mother of his half-brother Sultan
'Ala'u'd-din of Kampar and Johor was Tun Fatimah, daughter of Mutahir, the
Malacca Bendahara whom Sultan Mahmud caused to be murdered or perhaps executed
in 1510. Tun Fatimah gave her step-son for wife Tun Trang her own daughter by
her first husband, Tun 'Ali, whom also Sultan Mahmud had slain for lust of Tun
Fatimah; but naturally Tun Fatimah wanted the relic of the old Malacca kingdom
for the son of her " hot and forced violation " by Sultan Mahmud and
even more naturally the great house of the Bendaharas preferred a ruler with
their own blood in his veins.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 10 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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What inference can be drawn from the anger of Sultan
'Ala'u'd-din at the appointment of Perak's first Bendahara? Was it the removal
of his appointee, Sri Agar Raja, from Selangor that enraged him? Was it that he
considered Perak to be a vassal State? A Perak lullaby, that must have been
written in or after the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda (alias Mahkota Alam) of
Acheh (b. 1590d. 1636), speaks of the Johor overlord— </div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bunga
merah banyak di-taman </i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sunting dayang masok ka-dalam: </i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Di-Mekkah
Nabi Akhir-zaman, </i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Di-Johor Mahkota 'Alam. </i></div>
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Or did the appointment of the son of
his own Bendahara Paduka Tuan (and the son-in-law of a Kedah prince) to the new
Perak office make Sultan 'Ala'u'd-din suspicious lest his elder half-brother
might try to revive the old Malacca kingdom from the north? For Sri Agar
'diraja was Tun Mahmud, own son of Tun Isap Berakah, the Johor Bendahara who
went to Perak to recall him to Land's End. As we have seen, his father had
married him to Tun Mah, a daughter of Tun Aria Bija 'diraja, ruler of Bruas and
Manjong, which chief was a relative of Tun Sebat, wife of Tun Isap Berakah.
Later after the Portuguese took Bentan in 1526, Tun Mahmud had brought twenty
ships from Selangor to remove the old Sultan Mahmud to Kampar and for that
service got the title of Sri Agar diraja, which even in those days appears to
have been contracted to Dato Sagor.* </div>
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There seems no doubt that Sultan Muzaffar Shah was succeeded
by his son Mansur Shah, who married a sister of Marhum Bukit, wife of the early
Ruler of Johor, Sultan Ali Jala 'Abdu'l-Jalil Riayat Shah † (asc. 1580 d.
1597). The Perak account says— " Raja Muzaffar Shah, when he became Raja
of Perak, established his capital at Tanah Abang (= Tanah Merah or ' Red Earth
') and after death was known as Marhum Tanah Abang," this first capital
being in the district of Lambor Kanan on the Perak river. Raja Mansur, who
seems to have remained behind in Johor, was then sent to Perak by Sultan
'Ala'u'd-din of Johor and made his capital at Kota Lama. Soon after his death
Perak was conquered by Acheh and remained under Achinese domination for a
century. </div>
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Considering the short life of tradition in an illiterate and
harassed community, except when tradition is crystallized in practice and
ceremony, it is clear that it was from its first two rulers that Perak
inherited those solemn Indo-Javanese plausibilities of the old Malacca court
which have secured the State in its most desperate straits a continuity of
culture and have lasted, a gracious entail, down to the present time. In the
sixteenth century Malay </div>
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* <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The last To' Sagor in Perak was hanged at Matang for the
murder of Mr. Birch, the British Resident, in 1876; and simultaneously the
ancient title was abolished. </span></div>
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† <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Of Pahang and Malacca royal descent.</span></div>
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royalty was sacrosanct, its members
the shadows of God upon earth and masters of magic. The eldest son of the last
ruler of Malacca, greatest of Peninsular empires, did not come to Perak without
followers and without tradition. The Perak court still cherishes armlets, a
chain, a sword, a seal and a creese, reputed heirlooms from its first Sultan,
which must be worn at installation by every one of his successors while, to the
music of drums headed miraculously with the skins of tiny lice and of clarinets
fashioned miraculously from the narrow stems of nettles, they sit preserving
that immobility which to their Buddhist ancestors of Palembang was a mark of
the commencing divinity of a king. When in 1526 the Portuguese Mascarenhas
drove the father of Perak's first ruler out of Riau, the Sri Nara 'diraja
consoled his master by remarking justly enough: " So long as Your Highness
lives, ten kingdoms can be created." Bearing this old Malacca title of Sri
Nara Miraja the chief herald at the Kuala Kangsar court is a descendant of
Batala (or Basava) that mythical incarnation of Siva's bull, Nandi, sent down
to a Sumatran rice-clearing not as in Indian story to revive declining Saiva
rites but to instal as ruler of Palembang an Indian prince who, though in
legend he is called Sang Sapurba after a nymph of Indra's heaven, is traditionally
reputed to have been the father of the first ruler of Singapore and to be the
ancestor of the royal houses of Malacca and Perak. Still on the accession of a
Perak ruler Sri Nara 'diraja reads the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chiri</i>
or Sanskrit coronation address, such as hailed his first Malacca ancestor
" fortunate great king, smiter of rivals, valorous, whose crown jewels
ravish the three worlds, whose touch dispels suffering, protector, pilot over
the ocean of battle, confuter of opponents, fortunate over-lord of kings of
righteousness, supreme lord of the kingdom—Raja Parameswara.'' And, as at the
initiation of a child into one of the higher Hindu castes his teacher whispers
the name of the god who is to be the child's special protector through life, so
into the ear of each new ruler of Perak this court herald whispers the State
secret, namely the real Hindu name of the demigod who descended on that hill
rice-clearing in Palembang to become the ancestor and guardian of Perak royalty.
Down all the centuries the tie has persisted: the descendant of the herald born
from Nandi's vomit is herald to the descendant of the divine prince who rode on
Nandi's back. </div>
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According to tradition Hang Tuah, the famous Laksamana who
fought the Portuguese at Malacca, died and still walks in Perak, while among
the royal heirlooms is his creese. Certainly Sultan Muzaffar followed to Perak
the house that had provided his Malacca ancestors with their prime ministers.
His own first Bendahara Sri Maharaja was a member of the same family, as
certainly for a hundred and apparently for two hundred years the Perak
Bendaharas continued to be. As in Malacca and Johor, so in Perak it was the
duty of the Bendahara to find his lord a palace. All the great offices of the
Malacca court were re-created</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Page 12 A History of Perak.</b></div>
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in Perak: there was a Maharaja
'diraja Penghulu Bendahari, a Temenggong Paduka Raja, a Mantri Paduka Tuan, and
there was the old Malacca master of ceremonies, the Maharaja Lela, who could
execute traitors and offenders against court etiquette without awaiting the
royal mandate. In Johor the title of the Bendahara was alternately Sri Maharaja
and Paduka Raja and in Johor as in Malacca the Temenggong was ordinarily
promoted Bendahara. In Perak this promotion has lapsed but there is a survival
of the old Malacca custom in the title of the Temenggong, and a 1655 agreement
between Perak and the Dutch speaks of the contemporary Bendahara Sri Maharaja
having been formerly Temenggong. To judge by their titles, Sri Maharaja, Paduka
Raja, Maharaja 'diraja and Sri Paduka Tuan, all the Four Great Perak offices
must have been held at first by the famous Malacca family of Bendaharas whose
members enjoyed the Pasai honorific Tun (or in Perak dialect Tan). A Perak
Bendahara famous in legend, Tan Saban, is reputed to have been the last of the
house to fill this office of prime minister, and it is claimed that his
descendants in Perak have held many old Malacca titles: Laksamana (or admiral),
Sri Narawangsa a submerged title of the Sri Adika family, Sri Amar(a) Bangsa
'diraja the more ancient title of the Panglima Kinta, Sri Amar(a) 'diraja the
more ancient title of the Panglima Bukit Gantang, Sri Amar(a) 'diwangsa now one
of the Sixteen minor chiefs. It is easy to check the authenticity of these
early titles: when Hinduism died, the Malay had no guides to Sanskrit. Most of
Perak's guardian genies, for example, are late arrivals from the Muslim Deccan:
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pahlawan</i> Indra Dewi, Sultan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'Ali (Pen)dekar </i>Perkasa, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sultan 'Alam</i> Maya Udara, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kahar 'Alam </i>Kesaktian, Anak <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jin 'Alam</i> Pertawi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Israng</i> Gemala Dewa, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sri
Sultan Mardan 'Alam</i>, are all hybrid honorifics jumbling Sanskrit, Arabic
and Persian. And, as we shall see, the Achinese accretions to Perak titles of
nobility are not difficult to detect.</div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Perak, Malaysia4.807294 100.80000513.7946925 99.5365776 5.8198954999999994 102.06343260000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-61634702557526365532012-03-29T00:03:00.000+08:002012-03-29T00:11:35.543+08:00Chapter I - EARLY CIVILISATIONS AND PRIMITIVE TRIBES<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Some seven thousand years ago the caves of Perak were
inhabited by people who used pal eoliths, namely stone scrapers and <i>coup-de-poing</i> in almond-shaped, oval and
elongated forms, painted their bodies with a red pigment, used grinding slabs
and pounding stones and fed on fresh-water and marine mollusks. The relics of
this civilisation are associated not only with roughly shaped stone-implements
of a type found in Sumatra having one side chipped and the other in its natural
water-worn condition but also with proto-neoliths or artifacts chipped but
having polished edges. The evidence points to the diffusion of palaeolithic
civilisation using implements of the Sumatra type through the south-eastern
parts of Asia and as far as Sumatra. It has been traced in Perak at
rock-shelters at Goa Kajang near Lenggong and at Gunong Pondok. Scientific
excavation at Gunong Pondok discovered no pottery in the lower layers. Pottery
plain and cord-marked was associated with the later protoneolithic remains. The
makers of the protoneoliths, chipped artefacts with only edges polished, may
have learnt the art of polishing on bone and horn or from contact with a neolithic
people. So far as is known as yet, the mixed palaeolithic and protoneolithic
culture of the Perak caves did not reach Sumatra, though it occurs in Siam,
Borneo and Luzon: from the abundance of its relics at Bak-son in northern
Tonkin it has been called the Bacsonian civilisation. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In remains of a neolithic civilisation when tools completely
polished took the place of chipped palaeoliths Perak is rich. Specimens of West
Indonesian types such as occur in Sumatra and Bali have been unearthed in the
rice-fields and mines of Kinta and Larut and on the bank of the Bernam river at
Tanjong Malim. This neolithic civilisation has been ascribed to the second millennium
B.C. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Though there is still need of further <i>data</i> to complete the chain of evidence the surmise has been
hazarded that the older palaeolithic civilisation of the Perak caves may have
been that of continental ancestors of the modern Papuans and that polishing may
have been introduced by Indonesian tribes. This tentative surmise is based on
the evidence of skulls from the caves of Tonkin.* </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A civilisation apparently associated with river-banks
produced in Perak graves built of granite slabs. These graves have been
unearthed at Changkat Mantri on the Bernam River, and at Sungai </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">*On a trouve, rien qu'en Indo-Chine, des cranes de race
melane'sienne, indonesienne, australoid et negrito, c'est a dire de quatre
races differentes. Mais de la quoi de plus probable aussi, que ce n'est bien
pas dans une famille, mais meme dans plusieures families de langues, qu'on
pourrait arriver un jour a grouper les parlers de cette partie de L'Asie, c'est
a dire que ce n'est pas une mais <i>plusieures
families</i> austro-asiatiques auxquelles on pourrait aboutir." <i>Une Fausse Famille Linguistique "L'
Austro-Asiatique."</i> G. de Hevesy. Ill Congres International des
Linguistes, Rome 1933. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">3</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Page 4 A History of Perak.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Kruit off the Sungkai River, while another is recorded from
the Slim River:—one of them has been rebuilt in the garden of Taiping Museum.
These cists are closely related to the dolmen and are of a type not uncommon in
Java where they extend from a late neolithic to an iron age:—the Philippines,
also, have tombs said to be of a similar type. With the Perak cists have been
found iron socketted tools, cornelian beads, stone pounders, rough pottery and
bronze utensils. These iron tools have also been unearthed at Klang in
Selangor, on the Tembeling in Pahang, at Tanjong Rambutan and Sengat in Kinta
and at Bengkong in Batang Padang. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Later still in the iron-age comes the Indian settlement near
Kuala Selinsing. Along this beach have been picked up hundreds of cornelian,
glass (or paste) and shell beads, portions of bracelets in stone and in blue
green glass, some pottery and cross-hatched pottery stamps. The commonest types
of glass-beads are opaque yellow, opaque blue, opaque green, clear blue, clear
yellow, dark red, and orange paste with dark-red striations. One type has
" a core of non-translucent yellowish paste, plated with gold-leaf which
is covered with clear yellow glass." Parti-coloured beads thought to be of
Indian type have been found in an East-Java dolmen, and beads of most of the
Selinsing types occur in Philippine graves of the iron-age and at Santubong in
Sarawak and glass-beads on Papan Island off Borneo. A gold ornament possibly of
the late Majapahit period, possibly much earlier, was unearthed at Selinsing
and in a hole left by the roots of a fallen tree a cornelian seal engraved with
the words Sri Vishnuvarmmasya, in Pallava characters of the 7th century A.D. or
later. The Selinsing settlement, therefore, was an Indian trading station like
others with Pallava inscriptions, Taruma in West Java and Kutai in Borneo. Sri
Vijaya used Nagari or north Indian characters but it may have swept over a
Pallava Selinsing and left no trace. Perhaps in the eleventh century A.D. it
was sacked by the Chola raids on Srivijaya and her dependencies: raids to which
the " Malay Annals " seem to
allude in the account of the conquest by a " Raja Suran " of
Gangganegara " situate on a hill very steep in front and low behind, whose
fort still exists inland at the Dindings, a little above the Perak." The
name recalls the Ganga-Pallavas. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Thirty years ago in a mine at Tanjong Rambutan was dug up a
little bronze Buddha* of the Gupta type. In 1931 there were found at Pengkalan
near Ipoh a bronze throne for a seated figure and a very beautiful standing
bronze Buddha (Pl. II),* apparently of the earlier Gupta school though Dutch
scholars opine that its date is about 750 A.D. and that it is a specimen of
Srivijaya work similar to one found in the Palembang river. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">* </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">From photographs, Prof. G. Coedes (discoverer of Srivijaya)
surmises that both are of the Gupta school. There is a poor illustration of the
Tanjong Rambutan Buddha in " Twentieth Century Impressions of British
Malaya ": it is in the possession of Mr. Alma Baker, C.B.E., formerly of
Batu Gajah.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Early Civilisations and Primitive Tribes. Page 5</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Among the human remains found in Kuala Selinsing have been
identified Negrito and Proto-Malayan elements. The Negrito is a small, very
dark bullet-headed frizzy-haired individual called in Kedah and Upper Perak a
Semang. He is thought to be related not only to the Aetas of the Philippines
for whom Spanish writers invented the name Negrito but also to the Mincopies of
the Andamans. The Semang are a very primitive people, nomadic, using only
wall-less leaf-shelters propped on sticks, ignorant of agriculture and
boat-making and subsisting on fruits and wild game. Unfortunately in the 1931
Census no attempt was made to discriminate between them and their more numerous
neighbours the Sakai but they are all to be found in Kedah, Perak, Kelantan and
Trang and the fact that they live on the northern outskirt of the big Sakai
wedge, inhabit swamps and have hardly invaded the mountains suggests that they
may have migrated to the Peninsula at a later date than the less primitive
Sakai. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Perak is pre-eminently the house of the fairer wavy-haired
long-headed Sakai who are now thought to be of Nesiot (Indonesian) stock with
admixture of Negrito blood in the north and Proto-Malay blood in the south and
some very early Proto-Australoid and Papuo-Malanesoid strain. The Nesiot is a
typical hill breed, akin to numerous hill tribes in Indochina and the Malay
Archipelago. The older more primitive elements occur in tribes inhabiting the
foot-hills and persisting up the main tributary valleys of Perak and Kelantan.
The Perak tribes have been divided into the Northern Sakai of Kuala Kangsar and
the Central Sakai of Batang Padang. The Sakai language has Mon-Khmer
affinities. Their weapon is the blow-pipe. They live in well-built pile houses
and plant sugar, millet, tobacco, plantains and hill-rice. Some 20,000 in
number, they enter no more than the Negritos into the real life of Perak,
though in some districts the Malay shows traces of Sakai and Semang blood. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Malay borrowings from the aborigines are few. With the Malay
liking for a matrilineal title to land, Perak legend introduces a negrito girl
and her bamboo-born daughter as owners of the land of Perak but with
patriarchal inconsistency leaves the mother childless and the daughter a virgin
saint. The sword or dagger of office presented to Perak chiefs bears the name
of <i>baur</i>, a Sakai word for "
staff." In the name of one of Perak's guardian genies occurs the Sakai
word <i>alak</i> meaning "
shaman," and there are aboriginal elements in the Perak medium's seance (<i>berhantu</i>). </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This, then, was the stage set for the coming of the Malacca
Malays, an interior peopled by the remnants of primitive races that had passed
centuries before down to the Malay Archipelago, a country so noted for tin that
it had attracted bronze-workers from India, a coast with foreign Hindu settlers
exploiting the aborigines.</span></div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0Perak, Malaysia4.807294 100.80000513.7946925 99.5365776 5.8198954999999994 102.06343260000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3517220040278380666.post-72276330945161578712012-03-28T23:55:00.000+08:002012-03-29T00:09:49.412+08:00INTRODUCTION.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">On the stage of Perak's modern history there have been many
actors: the Malays, the Portuguese, the Achinese, the Dutch, the Bugis from
Riau and Selangor, Siam and her vassal Kedah, and the British. To some small
degree it was dynastic pride that made Acheh and the Bugis her aggressors, and
Siam had hardly any other conscious motive. But at the back of all Perak
history has been trade. Trade alone attracted the Europeans, an unassailable
thirst for the purchase of tin and the sale of cloth. Of this thirst, as I have
written elsewhere " the most evil symptom was monopoly, the confining of
trade to one market, where the purchaser bought not at competitive prices but
at prices fixed by the guns of his ships. As far back as we know, monopoly had
been a feature of Eastern trade, Hindu, Parthian, Persian and Arab, and it was
the desperate effort of the Gujeratis to maintain their monopoly that led to
the clash between Malays and Portuguese at Malacca. It was the good fortune of
England that the spirit abroad at the beginning of the XIXth century gave her
no chance to establish monopolies and induced her to declare for free
trade." Along with their struggle for monopoly, the powers also attempted
to take toll of all shipping and compel it to resort to their ports. Long
before the Portuguese, the great Sumatran state Srivijaya or old Palembang had
derived large revenues from toll levied on sea-borne trade: as Chao Ju-Kua
wrote in 1225 A.D., " If a merchant ship passes without entering, their
boats go forth to make a combined attack and all are ready to die in the
attempt; that is why this country is a great shipping centre." </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">From her foundation down to the time of British protection
Perak suffered every sort of humiliation and defeat and domestic tragedy. The
Portuguese built a fort at the mouth of her river in order to command a
monopoly of her tin. Jealous of her dealings with the Portuguese, Acheh
attacked Perak fifty years after the coming of her Malacca dynasty. It removed
five thousand of her subjects and carried ruler after ruler into captivity,
until royal descent on the male side was broken. It made treaties directly with
the Dutch for the disposal of Perak's tin, and it sent Achinese officials to
control the weighing-station at her estuary. For nearly a century the State was
the vassal of Acheh. Moreover during half that century Perak was also plagued
by the Dutch, who demanded her tin at a price concerted with Acheh, deducted a
war indemnity from that price, erected a fort at the Dindings and blockaded the
river-mouth. Long before the Dutch had gone, Perak was implicated in the Kedah
wars between the Bugis and the Minangkabau followers of the famous Raja Kechil
of Siak. The Bugis invaded her in 1728 and in 1742, later compelled her ruler
to install a Bugis chief as Sultan of Selangor and then sent their most notable
warrior, Raja Haji, to obtain the hand of a Perak princess for the new
potentate. From 1804 till 1806 Perak was </span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: large;">Page 1</span></i></div>
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Page 2 A History of Perak.</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">" by right of powder and ball
" subject to Selangor. In 1818 she was conquered by Kedah at the dictates
of Siam. In 1822 she turned to Selangor to expel the Siamese, who three years
later re-established their suzerainty. Down to 1826 when the British
intervened, Perak was no more than a shuttle-cock between Selangor and Siam. In
truth she was always a shuttle-cock: between Portugal and Acheh, between Acheh
and the Dutch, between Minangkabaus and Bugis, between Selangor and Siam. And
after the Kedah wars at the beginning of the eighteenth century nearly every
decade of her history was disfigured by fratricidal struggles between princes
of her own royal house. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The most bigoted Little Englander, the most convinced
supporter of the rights and customs of small people, must admire the <i>pax Britannica</i> in Perak and bless the
work of British protection in bringing out of centuries of great tribulation
this rich and beautiful country and her ancient line. Beset by Selangor,
threatened by Siam, Sultan 'Abdu'l-Malik Mansur Shah could yet write with truth
in 1816, "I am the oldest of all the kings of these parts, such as the
kings of Siak, Selangor, Riau, Kedah and Trengganu. I will not send tribute of
Golden Flowers to Siam."</span></div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07388368827387048160noreply@blogger.com0